The Constitution and Your Rights

Know Your Rights

Your rights in plain English. Understand the Constitution, the amendments, and how they apply to everyday situations — at home, at work, on the street, and online.

This section is organized in two parts. The first walks through everyday scenarios, grouped by the situations you are most likely to encounter — an encounter with police, a question about free speech, a concern at work or school. Each scenario explains what your right actually is and what you can do in the moment.

The second part is a plain-English walkthrough of all 27 amendments to the United States Constitution. You will find the original text, a translation into everyday language, and a short list of key points. The two parts are cross-linked, so you can move between a real-world situation and the amendment it draws from.

Rights by Situation

When Stopped by Police

What you can say, what you must show, and how to stay safe during a traffic or street stop.

Read scenarios

At Your Home

What officers can and cannot do at your door, and how warrants and consent work inside your home.

Read scenarios

If Arrested or Detained

Your core protections when you are in custody: silence, a lawyer, and a phone call.

Read scenarios

At Work

Your baseline protections against discrimination, wage theft, harassment, and retaliation on the job.

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As a Renter

How landlord entry, repairs, evictions, and security deposits work in most states.

Read scenarios

At School

How free speech, searches, and discipline rules apply to public-school students.

Read scenarios

When Voting

What to expect at the polls and how to protect your right to cast a ballot.

Read scenarios

As a Protester

Your rights to gather, speak, record, and stay safe at public demonstrations.

Read scenarios

Scenarios in Detail

When Stopped by Police

An officer pulls you over on the road

Your right: You must show your license, registration, and proof of insurance. You do not have to answer questions about where you are going or where you have been; you have the right to remain silent.

What to do: Keep your hands visible on the wheel, stay calm, and say: "Officer, I'm going to remain silent. Am I free to go?"

A police officer stops you on the street and starts asking questions

Your right: In most situations you are not required to answer questions, and you can ask whether you are being detained. If you are not being detained, you are free to walk away.

What to do: Politely ask: "Am I being detained, or am I free to go?" If the officer says you are free to go, calmly leave.

An officer asks to search your car or your pockets

Your right: You do not have to consent to a search of your car, bag, or person without a warrant or probable cause. Saying no does not give the officer probable cause.

What to do: Clearly say: "I do not consent to any searches." Do not physically resist if the officer searches anyway; challenge it later in court.

An officer asks for your name and ID while you are walking

Your right: Some states have "stop and identify" laws that require you to give your name if the officer has reasonable suspicion of a crime. In other states, you do not have to identify yourself at all.

What to do: Ask if you are being detained. If you live in a stop-and-identify state, provide your name but nothing more, and say: "I'm going to remain silent."

At Your Home

Police knock on your door and ask to come inside

Your right: Officers generally cannot enter your home without a warrant, your consent, or an emergency. You have the right to refuse entry and to speak with them through the door.

What to do: Keep the door closed or open it only partially, and say: "I do not consent to you entering. Do you have a warrant?"

Officers say they have a warrant to search your home

Your right: You have the right to see the warrant and check that it lists your address and what the officers are allowed to search for. A valid search warrant must be signed by a judge.

What to do: Ask them to slide the warrant under the door or hold it up to a window. Do not interfere with the search, but say: "I do not consent to any search beyond what the warrant allows."

An officer claims there is an emergency and enters without a warrant

Your right: Police can enter without a warrant only in narrow situations such as hot pursuit, preventing evidence destruction, or responding to a serious emergency. You can still state your objection for the record.

What to do: Do not physically resist. Clearly say: "I do not consent to this entry or search," and write down everything that happens as soon as you can.

Immigration agents (ICE) come to your door

Your right: ICE usually carries an administrative warrant, which does not give them the authority to enter your home without your consent. Only a judicial warrant signed by a judge allows forced entry.

What to do: Do not open the door. Ask them to slide any warrant under the door, and say: "I do not consent to you entering. I wish to remain silent and speak with a lawyer."

If Arrested or Detained

You are placed in handcuffs and told you are under arrest

Your right: You have the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney. Anything you say can be used against you, even casual comments in the squad car.

What to do: Clearly state out loud: "I am invoking my right to remain silent, and I want a lawyer." Then stop talking until your lawyer arrives.

Officers begin questioning you at the station

Your right: Once you ask for a lawyer, questioning must stop until your lawyer is present. If you cannot afford a lawyer, one will be appointed for you.

What to do: Repeat clearly: "I want a lawyer. I do not want to answer any questions without my lawyer." Do not waive this right even if officers say it will help you.

You are allowed to make a phone call

Your right: Most jurisdictions allow detained people to make a phone call within a reasonable time. Calls to your lawyer are confidential; calls to friends and family are usually recorded.

What to do: Call a lawyer or a trusted person who can contact a lawyer. Do not discuss the facts of your case on a recorded line.

Officers pressure you to sign a statement or waiver

Your right: You are not required to sign anything without a lawyer reviewing it. Signing a waiver of rights can be used against you later.

What to do: Say: "I will not sign anything until I speak with my attorney." Stay calm and wait for legal counsel.

At Work

You are passed over for a promotion because of your race, sex, religion, age, or disability

Your right: Federal laws like Title VII, the ADA, and the ADEA prohibit workplace discrimination based on protected characteristics. Many states add further protections.

What to do: Document what happened with dates and witnesses, then file a charge with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) within 180 to 300 days.

Your employer is not paying you for all the hours you worked or denies you overtime

Your right: The Fair Labor Standards Act requires employers to pay at least the minimum wage and overtime for hours over 40 per week for most non-exempt workers.

What to do: Keep your own record of hours worked. File a wage complaint with the U.S. Department of Labor's Wage and Hour Division or your state labor agency.

A coworker or manager is sexually harassing you

Your right: You have the right to a workplace free of sexual harassment, and employers are required to take reasonable steps to prevent and correct it.

What to do: Report the harassment in writing through your company's process, keep copies, and consider filing with the EEOC if it continues or you face retaliation.

You want to talk with coworkers about pay or forming a union

Your right: The National Labor Relations Act protects most private-sector workers who discuss wages, working conditions, or union activity together, even without a formal union.

What to do: Keep conversations respectful and outside of work duties when possible. If you are disciplined for this activity, contact the National Labor Relations Board.

As a Renter

Your landlord shows up unannounced and wants to come inside

Your right: In most states, a landlord must give reasonable advance notice (often 24 to 48 hours) and enter only for legitimate reasons like repairs or showings. Emergencies are the main exception.

What to do: Politely ask for the reason and whether proper notice was given. Put your objection in writing: "I do not consent to entry without proper notice."

A serious repair like heat, plumbing, or a leak has been ignored for weeks

Your right: Most states recognize an "implied warranty of habitability," meaning your rental must be safe and livable. Ignoring major repairs can violate this duty.

What to do: Send a dated written request describing the problem and keep a copy. If it is still ignored, contact your local code enforcement or a tenant legal aid office.

You receive an eviction notice or your landlord threatens to lock you out

Your right: In almost every state, a landlord cannot evict you without going through court and getting a judge's order. Changing locks or shutting off utilities to force you out is illegal.

What to do: Do not move out based on a threat alone. Save every document, respond to any court papers on time, and seek help from legal aid or tenant rights groups right away.

Your landlord refuses to return your security deposit after you move out

Your right: State laws set strict deadlines (often 14 to 30 days) for returning deposits or providing an itemized list of deductions. Wrongful withholding can lead to penalties.

What to do: Send a written demand letter with your forwarding address and move-out photos. If ignored, file a claim in small claims court.

At School

You want to wear a T-shirt or armband expressing a political view

Your right: Public-school students do not "shed their constitutional rights at the schoolhouse gate." Schools can only limit speech that substantially disrupts learning or invades others' rights.

What to do: If your speech is peaceful and not disruptive, you can generally express it. If punished, document the incident and contact a civil liberties group.

A school official wants to search your locker, backpack, or phone

Your right: School officials need only "reasonable suspicion" to search, which is a lower bar than police. However, searches must still be reasonable in scope and not overly intrusive.

What to do: Calmly say: "I do not consent to this search." Do not physically resist, but note what was searched and ask your parents to follow up.

You are facing suspension or expulsion

Your right: The Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause requires that students get notice of the charges and a chance to respond before serious discipline, especially for longer suspensions and expulsions.

What to do: Request the rules in writing, attend any hearings with a parent or advocate, and keep a clear record of what you were told and when.

Police officers or school resource officers want to question you at school

Your right: You still have the right to remain silent and to ask for a parent or lawyer before answering questions from police, even inside a school building.

What to do: Say: "I want to speak with my parent and a lawyer before I answer any questions." Do not sign anything without an adult you trust.

When Voting

A poll worker tells you that you are not on the voter list

Your right: Under the Help America Vote Act, you have the right to request a provisional ballot if your eligibility is questioned. That ballot is counted once your registration is confirmed.

What to do: Politely ask: "I would like to cast a provisional ballot, please." Then follow up after the election to make sure your ballot was counted.

You are asked for a specific ID you do not have

Your right: ID requirements vary by state. Some states require photo ID, others accept alternatives, and some let you sign an affidavit or cast a provisional ballot instead.

What to do: Know your state's rules before election day. At the polls, ask about alternatives and request a provisional ballot if you are turned away.

You need help reading or marking your ballot

Your right: Federal law allows voters with disabilities or limited English to bring a person of their choice into the voting booth, with narrow exceptions such as an employer or union agent.

What to do: Bring someone you trust and tell the poll worker you need assistance under Section 208 of the Voting Rights Act.

Someone at the polls challenges your right to vote

Your right: Voter challenges must follow strict legal procedures, and you cannot be turned away based on appearance, accent, or a stranger's accusation. You still have the right to a provisional ballot.

What to do: Stay calm and ask to speak with the chief election judge. Call the nonpartisan Election Protection hotline at 866-OUR-VOTE for help.

As a Protester

You want to hold a protest on a public sidewalk or in a park

Your right: The First Amendment strongly protects peaceful assembly and speech in traditional public forums like sidewalks, streets, and parks. Cities can require permits for large marches but cannot base approval on the message.

What to do: Check local permit rules for marches and sound equipment. Stay on public property, keep walkways clear, and remain peaceful.

You want to record police activity at a protest

Your right: You have a First Amendment right to record police performing their duties in public, as long as you do not physically interfere with their work.

What to do: Stay a safe distance back, keep your phone visible, and narrate calmly. If ordered to move, move but keep recording from a legal spot.

Officers order the crowd to disperse

Your right: Police can order a crowd to leave if a protest turns unlawful, but they must give a clear warning and a reasonable chance to leave before making arrests.

What to do: If a dispersal order is given, leave calmly by the route officers indicate. If you are blocked in, keep your hands visible and do not resist.

You are arrested while protesting

Your right: You keep all of your rights at a protest: to remain silent, to refuse consent to searches, and to ask for a lawyer before any questioning.

What to do: Say out loud: "I am going to remain silent and I want a lawyer." Write a legal-support number on your arm beforehand so you can call for help.

The 27 Amendments, Explained

Every amendment to the United States Constitution, with its original text, a plain-English translation, and the key points to remember.

I Amendment 1 Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition 1791
Original text
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

In plain English

The government cannot force you to follow a religion, stop you from speaking your mind, shut down the press, prevent peaceful protests, or punish you for filing complaints with officials.

  • Government cannot establish an official religion or restrict your practice of one
  • Protects speech, including unpopular opinions
  • Press can report on government freely
  • You can peacefully protest and petition for change
II Amendment 2 Right to Bear Arms 1791
Original text
A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

In plain English

People have the right to own firearms. Courts have ruled this is an individual right, though the government can place reasonable regulations on gun ownership.

  • Protects an individual right to own firearms
  • Subject to reasonable government regulation
  • Originally tied to state militia defense
III Amendment 3 No Quartering of Soldiers 1791
Original text
No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

In plain English

The government cannot force you to house soldiers in your home during peacetime. Even during war, it can only happen if a law specifically allows it.

  • Military cannot use your home without permission
  • Reflects the broader right to privacy in your home
IV Amendment 4 Protection from Unreasonable Search and Seizure 1791
Original text
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

In plain English

Police generally need a warrant based on probable cause to search you, your home, or your belongings. Evidence obtained through illegal searches can be thrown out of court.

  • Police usually need a warrant to search your property
  • Warrants require probable cause and must be specific
  • Illegally obtained evidence can be excluded from trial
  • Applies to digital devices and data too
V Amendment 5 Due Process, Self-Incrimination, Double Jeopardy 1791
Original text
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

In plain English

You cannot be tried twice for the same crime, forced to testify against yourself, or have your property taken without fair payment. Serious federal charges require a grand jury indictment, and the government must follow fair procedures before punishing you.

  • Right to remain silent — you cannot be forced to incriminate yourself
  • No double jeopardy — cannot be tried twice for the same offense
  • Government must follow due process before taking life, liberty, or property
  • Private property taken for public use requires just compensation
VI Amendment 6 Right to a Fair and Speedy Trial 1791
Original text
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.

In plain English

If you are charged with a crime, you have the right to a fast, public trial with a jury, a lawyer (even if you cannot afford one), and the chance to question witnesses against you.

  • Right to a speedy and public trial by jury
  • Right to an attorney — one will be provided if you cannot afford it
  • Right to confront and cross-examine witnesses
  • Right to call witnesses in your defense
VII Amendment 7 Right to a Jury Trial in Civil Cases 1791
Original text
In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

In plain English

In federal civil lawsuits over a certain amount, you can request a jury trial. Once a jury decides the facts, higher courts generally cannot overturn those findings.

  • Guarantees jury trials in federal civil cases
  • Jury findings of fact are generally final
VIII Amendment 8 No Excessive Bail or Cruel and Unusual Punishment 1791
Original text
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

In plain English

Bail and fines must be reasonable, and the government cannot use torture or punishments that are considered inhumane. This is often cited in debates about the death penalty and prison conditions.

  • Bail must be reasonable — not used as punishment before trial
  • Fines must fit the offense
  • Prohibits torture and inhumane punishment
IX Amendment 9 Rights Retained by the People 1791
Original text
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

In plain English

Just because a right is not listed in the Constitution does not mean you do not have it. The Bill of Rights is not an exhaustive list — people retain other rights too.

  • The Constitution does not list every right you have
  • Used to support rights like privacy that are not explicitly named
X Amendment 10 Powers Reserved to States and People 1791
Original text
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

In plain English

Any power not specifically given to the federal government belongs to the states or the people. This is the basis for state-level laws on education, policing, and many other areas.

  • Federal government only has powers the Constitution grants it
  • Everything else belongs to the states or the people
  • Foundation of federalism and states' rights
XI Amendment 11 Limits on Lawsuits Against States 1795
Original text
The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.

In plain English

You generally cannot sue a state government in federal court unless the state agrees to it. This is known as sovereign immunity.

  • States have immunity from many federal lawsuits
  • Citizens of one state generally cannot sue another state in federal court
XII Amendment 12 Electoral College Procedures 1804
Original text
The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. They shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President.

In plain English

The President and Vice President are elected separately by the Electoral College, fixing an earlier flaw where the runner-up became Vice President regardless of party.

  • President and Vice President are voted on separately
  • Fixed problems from the elections of 1796 and 1800
  • Outlines procedures if no candidate wins a majority
XIII Amendment 13 Abolition of Slavery 1865
Original text
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

In plain English

Slavery and forced labor are banned in the United States, except as punishment for someone convicted of a crime. Congress can pass laws to enforce this.

  • Permanently abolished slavery throughout the United States
  • Prohibits involuntary servitude
  • Exception exists for convicted criminals
XIV Amendment 14 Citizenship, Due Process, and Equal Protection 1868
Original text
All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

In plain English

Anyone born or naturalized in the U.S. is a citizen. No state can take away your life, liberty, or property without fair legal procedures, and every person must be treated equally under the law.

  • Defines citizenship — born or naturalized in the U.S.
  • States must provide due process before punishment
  • Equal protection — laws must treat people equally
  • Basis for landmark civil rights decisions
XV Amendment 15 Voting Rights Regardless of Race 1870
Original text
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

In plain English

No government — federal or state — can deny your right to vote because of your race, skin color, or the fact that you or your ancestors were enslaved.

  • Prohibits racial discrimination in voting
  • Gave Congress power to enforce voting rights
  • Led to the Voting Rights Act of 1965
XVI Amendment 16 Federal Income Tax 1913
Original text
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.

In plain English

Congress can collect income taxes directly from individuals without dividing the tax burden among states by population. This is the legal basis for the federal income tax system.

  • Authorizes the federal income tax
  • Tax does not need to be divided by state population
  • Overturned an 1895 Supreme Court ruling
XVII Amendment 17 Direct Election of Senators 1913
Original text
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote.

In plain English

U.S. Senators are elected directly by voters in their state, rather than being chosen by state legislatures as was originally the case.

  • Senators are elected by popular vote
  • Replaced selection by state legislatures
  • Gave citizens more direct control over representation
XVIII Amendment 18 Prohibition of Alcohol 1919
Original text
The manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.

In plain English

This amendment banned the making, selling, and transporting of alcohol in the United States. It was later repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933.

  • Banned manufacture, sale, and transport of alcohol
  • Led to widespread bootlegging and organized crime
  • Repealed by the 21st Amendment
XIX Amendment 19 Women's Right to Vote 1920
Original text
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

In plain English

No one can be denied the right to vote because of their sex. This amendment guaranteed women the right to vote nationwide after decades of activism.

  • Guaranteed women the right to vote
  • Result of the women's suffrage movement
  • Applies to all elections — federal, state, and local
XX Amendment 20 Presidential and Congressional Terms 1933
Original text
The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January.

In plain English

The President takes office on January 20 and Congress on January 3, shortening the gap between election and inauguration. This reduced the "lame duck" period.

  • President inaugurated January 20 instead of March 4
  • Congress begins January 3
  • Shortened the lame-duck period after elections
XXI Amendment 21 Repeal of Prohibition 1933
Original text
The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.

In plain English

This amendment repealed Prohibition, making alcohol legal again. It is the only amendment that exists solely to cancel a previous one.

  • Repealed the 18th Amendment (Prohibition)
  • Only amendment that repeals another amendment
  • Gave states power to regulate alcohol locally
XXII Amendment 22 Presidential Term Limits 1951
Original text
No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once.

In plain English

A president can only serve two terms (eight years total). If someone finishes more than two years of another president's term, they can only be elected once more.

  • Limits presidents to two elected terms
  • Passed after FDR served four terms
  • Prevents concentration of executive power
XXIII Amendment 23 Electoral Votes for Washington, D.C. 1961
Original text
The District constituting the seat of Government of the United States shall appoint a number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least populous State.

In plain English

Residents of Washington, D.C. can vote in presidential elections. The District gets electoral votes as if it were a state, but no more than the least-populated state (currently three).

  • Gave D.C. residents the right to vote for president
  • D.C. gets three electoral votes
  • D.C. still lacks full congressional representation
XXIV Amendment 24 Abolition of Poll Taxes 1964
Original text
The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.

In plain English

You cannot be required to pay a tax in order to vote in federal elections. Poll taxes had been used to prevent low-income citizens, especially Black Americans, from voting.

  • Banned poll taxes in federal elections
  • Removed a major barrier to voting for low-income citizens
  • Part of the broader civil rights movement
XXV Amendment 25 Presidential Succession and Disability 1967
Original text
In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.

In plain English

If the President dies, resigns, or is removed, the Vice President takes over. If the Vice President role is vacant, the President nominates a replacement. There are also procedures for when a President is temporarily unable to serve.

  • Vice President becomes President if the office is vacated
  • Process to fill Vice Presidential vacancies
  • Procedures for temporary presidential disability
  • Used when Nixon resigned and Ford became President
XXVI Amendment 26 Voting Age Lowered to 18 1971
Original text
The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age.

In plain English

Citizens who are 18 or older have the right to vote. This was driven by the argument that if you were old enough to be drafted and fight in a war, you were old enough to vote.

  • Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18
  • Driven by the Vietnam War draft controversy
  • Fastest amendment ever ratified (about 100 days)
XXVII Amendment 27 Congressional Pay Raises Delayed 1992
Original text
No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened.

In plain English

If Congress votes to give itself a pay raise, that raise cannot take effect until after the next congressional election. This way, voters get a say before the raise kicks in.

  • Congressional pay changes take effect after the next election
  • Originally proposed in 1789 — took 203 years to ratify
  • Prevents Congress from immediately benefiting from its own pay raises

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