A Plain-Language Guide to Legal Terms. Look up unfamiliar legal words and read simple, clear explanations — with real-world examples.
With even stronger reason.
Example: If this applies here, a fortiori it applies there.
A belief accepted without evidence.
Example: The argument relied on an a priori assumption.
A restructuring of a company, often during bankruptcy.
Example: The company underwent a reorganization.
A set of ethical guidelines created by the American Bar Association that outline the standards of professional behavior for lawyers.
Example: The attorney reviewed the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct to ensure her actions met ethical standards.
An earlier set of ethics rules for lawyers created by the American Bar Association that explained how attorneys should act professionally and responsibly. These rules were later replaced by newer, clearer guidelines.
Example: The attorney referenced the ABA Model Rules of Professional Responsibility to understand past expectations for ethical behavior in law.
A legal argument based on inconvenience or hardship that would result from a particular interpretation of the law.
Example: The judge rejected the argument ab inconvenienti because it conflicted with established law.
From the beginning; treated as never valid.
Example: The contract was void ab initio.
Without a will.
Example: The estate was distributed ab intestato after the individual died without a will.
To give up a claim, right, or responsibility with no intention of returning to it.
Example: The tenant abandoned the property without notifying the landlord.
Property that has been left behind by its owner without intent to return or reclaim it.
Example: The landlord took control of the abandoned property after the tenant moved out and left their belongings behind.
The act of giving up a claim, right, or property with no intention of returning to it.
Example: The court determined that the tenant’s departure without notice constituted abandonment of the lease.
To reduce, lessen, or stop something.
Example: The court ordered the nuisance to abate.
To reduce, lessen, or stop something.
Example: The noise from the construction site finally abated after the city enforced regulations.
A reduction in taxes, rent, or penalties.
Example: The tenant received a rent abatement.
A court order to remove or stop a harmful condition.=
Example: The city issued an abatement for unsafe property conditions.
To take a person away by force or without consent, often illegally.
Example: The suspect was arrested for attempting to abduct a child from the park.
The act of taking a person away by force or without consent.
Example: The suspect was charged with abduction after taking the child without permission.
A person who takes someone away by force or without consent.
Example: The police quickly identified the abductor through security footage.
To assist or encourage wrongdoing.
Example: He was charged with aiding and abetting the crime.
The act of encouraging, helping, or supporting someone in committing a crime or wrongdoing.
Example: He was charged with abetment for helping plan the robbery.
A person who encourages, helps, or supports someone in committing a crime.
Example: The abettor was held responsible for assisting in the illegal act.
A temporary suspension of a legal matter.
Example: The case was held in abeyance.
To follow or accept a rule, law, or decision.
Example: All parties must abide by the agreement.
To obey or follow a rule or law.
Example: Citizens must abide by the law.
The act of formally rejecting or giving up a belief, claim, or right.
Example: The witness signed an abjuration of prior false statements.
To formally give up or reject a belief, claim, or right.
Example: He abjured his previous claims in court.
Legally qualified or competent to perform an act.
Example: She is able to enter into a binding contract.
An activity that carries a high risk of harm even when reasonable care is used, often leading to strict liability.
Example: Storing explosives may be considered an abnormally dangerous activity.
A person’s home or place of residence.
Example: The suspect’s last known abode was listed in the report.
To officially end or eliminate a law, system, or practice.
Example: The law was abolished after public opposition.
To stop or cancel something before it is completed.
Example: The mission was aborted due to safety concerns.
A person who performs abortions.
Example: The abortionist followed all required medical regulations.
Higher in position or authority; sometimes used to refer to prior statements or clauses.
Example: The clause mentioned above applies to this case.
Referring to expenses or deductions that are applied before calculating certain totals, especially in financial or tax contexts.
Example: The business listed expenses above the line on its report.
To shorten or reduce something, such as a legal right or document.
Example: The law should not abridge freedom of speech.
To officially repeal or cancel a law or agreement.
Example: The legislature voted to abrogate the outdated law.
To leave secretly to avoid legal action.
Example: The defendant absconded before sentencing.
Being away from a job or duty without permission or proper notice, often used in military or employment settings.
Example: The soldier was disciplined for absence without leave after failing to report for duty.
Complete and not limited by conditions, restrictions, or exceptions.
Example: In rare cases, a right may be considered absolute and not subject to limitations.
A complete transfer of rights with no conditions.
Example: The contract included an absolute assignment.
A defense that completely eliminates liability if proven.
Example: The claim was dismissed due to an absolute defense.
A complete legal termination of a marriage.
Example: The court granted an absolute divorce.
Full ownership of property without limitations.
Example: She held an absolute estate.
Full ownership of property that can be passed on or transferred.
Example: He owned the land at an absolute fee.
Complete protection from legal liability for certain officials.
Example: Judges have absolute immunity.
Responsibility for damages regardless of fault or intent.
Example: The company faced absolute liability.
Something that has no legal effect from the start.
Example: The contract was an absolute nullity.
Full and complete ownership of property.
Example: She has absolute ownership of the asset.
A rule that higher-priority creditors are paid before others.
Example: The court followed the absolute priority rule.
Complete protection from liability for certain statements.
Example: Testimony in court is protected by absolute privilege.
A right that cannot be limited or restricted.
Example: Some argue free speech is an absolute right.
A complete and final transfer of ownership.
Example: The transaction was an absolute sale.
A statement that cannot be used as the basis for a lawsuit, even if harmful.
Example: Statements in court are absolutely privileged communication.
To release someone from responsibility or guilt.
Example: The court absolved him of liability.
To take in or assume responsibility.
Example: The company agreed to absorb the costs.
The act of taking in or assuming something.
Example: The absorption of debt impacted the business.
To choose not to participate or vote.
Example: The judge chose to abstain.
The act of not participating.
Example: His abstention affected the outcome.
A rule allowing federal courts to decline cases in favor of state courts.
Example: The judge applied the abstention doctrine.
A summary of a legal document.
Example: The attorney reviewed the case abstract.
A summary of a court’s decision including damages.
Example: The abstract of judgment listed the award.
A summary of property ownership history.
Example: The buyer examined the abstract of the title.
A clearly unreasonable or unfair judicial decision.
Example: The appeal claimed abuse of discretion.
Misuse of the legal system for improper purposes.
Example: The lawsuit was dismissed as abuse of process.
Improper or repeated use of legal filings without valid reason.
Example: The court rejected the claim as abuse of the writ.
To border or touch another property.
Example: The land abuts a public road.
The point where two properties meet.
Example: The dispute involved the abutment line.
The boundary between adjoining properties.
Example: The abuttal was clearly marked.
A person whose property borders another.
Example: The abutter filed a complaint.
To agree or give in to a request or demand.
Example: The company acceded to the terms of the settlement.
To make something happen faster or sooner.
Example: The court agreed to accelerate the trial schedule.
A tax method that allows businesses to recover costs of assets more quickly through depreciation.
Example: The company used the Accelerated Cost Recovery System for tax deductions.
A method of reducing the value of an asset more quickly over time for tax purposes.
Example: The business applied accelerated depreciation to lower taxable income.
The right to demand full payment early.
Example: The lender enforced acceleration.
A contract term allowing immediate full payment if breached.
Example: Missing payments triggered the acceleration clause.
To agree to or receive something offered.
Example: She accepted the terms of the contract.
Agreement to the terms of an offer, forming a contract.
Example: The contract became valid upon acceptance.
A reduction in punishment when a defendant admits wrongdoing.
Example: He received a lighter sentence for acceptance of responsibility.
Agreement to receive legal papers without formal service.
Example: He signed an acceptance of service.
The ability or right to approach, enter, or use something.
Example: The attorney was granted access to evidence.
One who assists in a crime.
Example: She was charged as an accessory.
A person who helps someone avoid arrest after a crime has been committed.
Example: He was charged as an accessory after the fact.
A person who helps plan a crime but is not present when it occurs.
Example: She was an accessory before the fact.
A contract that depends on another main contract.
Example: The guarantee was an accessory contract.
An unexpected event that may result in harm or damage.
Example: The lawsuit arose from a workplace accident.
Insurance that provides coverage for injuries caused by accidents.
Example: He filed a claim under his accident insurance.
A modification to meet legal or workplace rights.
Example: The employer provided disability accommodation.
A person who helps commit a crime.
Example: The accomplice testified in court.
An agreement to settle a dispute.
Example: The parties reached an accord.
An agreement settling a dispute with a substitute performance.
Example: The debt was resolved by accord and satisfaction.
A record of financial transactions or obligations.
Example: The account showed unpaid balances.
Money a business owes to others.
Example: The invoice was listed as an account payable.
Money owed to a business.
Example: The payment was recorded as an account receivable.
Agreement on a final balance owed.
Example: The invoice became an account stated.
Responsibility for actions or decisions.
Example: The company was held accountable for violations.
The process of recording and managing financial information.
Example: The firm reviewed its accounting records.
A court-ordered financial review.
Example: The judge ordered an accounting.
Money owed by a business.
Example: The company reduced its accounts payable.
Money owed to a business.
Example: The firm collected its accounts receivable.
Official approval meeting standards.
Example: The school earned accreditation.
A person or entity allowed to invest in certain high-risk investments due to financial status.
Example: Only accredited investors could participate.
The gradual increase of property or assets over time.
Example: The land grew by accretion along the river.
Gradual land increase by natural forces.
Example: The shoreline expanded through accretion.
The accumulation of something, such as interest or expenses, over time.
Example: The accrual of interest increased the debt.
An accounting method that records income and expenses when they are earned or incurred.
Example: The company uses the accrual basis.
A bond that gains value over time instead of paying regular interest.
Example: The investor purchased an accrual bond.
An accounting method recognizing transactions when they occur, not when cash is exchanged.
Example: The business follows the accrual method.
To gather or build up over time.
Example: The company accumulated debt.
A tax on profits kept in a company instead of distributed to shareholders.
Example: The firm faced an accumulated earnings tax.
The act of building up over time.
Example: The accumulation of assets increased wealth.
A trust where income is reinvested rather than distributed.
Example: The funds were placed in an accumulation trust.
A claim that someone has done something wrong or illegal.
Example: The accusation led to an investigation.
Related to accusing someone of wrongdoing.
Example: The accusatory statement was challenged.
To formally claim someone committed a wrongdoing.
Example: She accused him of fraud.
A person charged with a crime.
Example: The accused appeared in court.
A person who makes an accusation.
Example: The accuser testified at trial.
To admit or recognize something as true.
Example: He acknowledged signing the contract.
A formal recognition or confirmation.
Example: The document included an acknowledgment.
The American Civil Liberties Union, an organization that protects individual rights and freedoms.
Example: The ACLU challenged the law in court.
Sexual assault committed by someone known to the victim.
Example: The case involved acquaintance rape.
Property gained during marriage.
Example: The estate was divided in the divorce.
To accept something without protest.
Example: He acquiesced to the terms.
Implied acceptance through silence or inaction.
Example: His silence showed acquiescence.
To obtain ownership of something.
Example: The company acquired new assets.
A person or company that obtains something.
Example: The acquirer completed the merger.
The act of gaining ownership or control.
Example: The acquisition expanded the business.
Gaining ownership of property through continuous possession over time.
Example: He claimed ownership through acquisitive prescription.
To find not guilty.
Example: The jury acquitted the defendant.
A judgment of not guilty.
Example: The case ended in acquittal.
A release from a financial obligation.
Example: The payment served as acquittal.
A person who has been found not guilty.
Example: The acquittee left the courtroom free.
A law passed by a legislature.
Example: Congress passed the new act.
A natural event beyond human control.
Example: The contract excused delays due to acts of God.
A rule that courts will not question the actions of a foreign government within its own territory.
Example: The case was dismissed under the act of state doctrine.
A lawsuit.
Example: The plaintiff filed an action.
A lawsuit seeking fairness-based remedies.
Example: The plaintiff filed an action in equity.
A legal claim to recover money owed.
Example: He filed an action of debt to collect payment.
A type of lawsuit for indirect harm or damages.
Example: The claim was brought as an action on the case.
Giving legal grounds for a lawsuit.
Example: The claim was actionable.
Currently in effect or ongoing.
Example: The case remains active in court.
A trust where the trustee has duties beyond simply holding property.
Example: The trustee managed assets under an active trust.
Real or existing in fact.
Example: The plaintiff must prove actual harm.
A relationship where one person has authority to act on behalf of another.
Example: The employee acted under actual agency.
Power given to an agent by a principal to act on their behalf.
Example: She had actual authority to sign the contract.
The value of property at the time of loss, considering depreciation.
Example: The insurance paid the actual cash value.
The direct cause of harm or injury.
Example: The defendant’s actions were the actual cause.
A real dispute appropriate for court review.
Example: The court requires an actual controversy.
Compensation for real, proven loss or harm.
Example: The plaintiff received actual damages.
Physical transfer of something.
Example: The contract required actual delivery of goods.
Physical removal of a tenant from property.
Example: The landlord carried out an actual eviction.
Intentional deception to gain an unfair advantage.
Example: The case involved actual fraud.
Direct awareness or understanding of a fact.
Example: He had actual knowledge of the issue.
A real financial or material loss.
Example: The company suffered actual loss.
Making a false statement knowing it is false or with reckless disregard for truth.
Example: The plaintiff had to prove actual malice.
Direct knowledge of a fact or condition.
Example: The defendant had actual notice of the danger.
Physical control over property.
Example: He maintained actual possession of the land.
A professional who analyzes financial risk using statistics.
Example: The actuary calculated insurance risks.
The physical act of committing a crime.
Example: The prosecution proved the actus reus.
The portion stating damages requested.
Example: The ad damnum listed $100,000.
For a specific purpose.
Example: The committee was formed ad hoc.
Agreement between parties on the same terms.
Example: The parties were ad idem.
Temporary or for the time being.
Example: He was appointed ad interim.
For a specific legal case.
Example: A guardian ad litem was appointed.
One after another; in sequence.
Example: The judge addressed issues ad seriatim.
A tax based on property value.
Example: Property taxes are ad valorem taxes.
The Americans with Disabilities Act, a law protecting individuals with disabilities from discrimination.
Example: The building must comply with ADA standards.
An addition to a legal document.
Example: The contract included an addendum.
A court’s increase of a jury’s damage award.
Example: The judge ordered additur to raise damages.
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act, a law prohibiting age-based discrimination in employment.
Example: The claim was filed under the ADEA.
To fail a gift in a will because it no longer exists.
Example: The gift was deemed.
Failure of a gift due to absence in estate.
Example: The will failed due to ademption.
Sufficient or enough to meet legal requirements.
Example: The evidence was adequate.
Fair value exchanged in a contract.
Example: The agreement required adequate consideration.
Legal measures to protect a creditor’s interest.
Example: The court ensured adequate protection.
A sufficient legal solution, usually money damages.
Example: The court found an adequate remedy existed.
A take-it-or-leave-it contract.
Example: The agreement was an adhesion contract.
Laws that govern legal procedures rather than rights.
Example: Court rules fall under adjective law.
To pause or delay proceedings.
Example: The court adjourned until Monday.
To suspend or delay a proceeding.
Example: The judge adjourned the hearing.
The suspension of a proceeding to a later time.
Example: The trial was delayed by adjournment.
To decide a case.
Example: The judge adjudicated the dispute.
The legal decision process.
Example: The case reached adjudication.
Recognition and correction of bias in decision-making.
Example: The court took steps to address adjusted bias.
A person who evaluates insurance claims and determines payment.
Example: The adjuster reviewed the damage report.
A government body that creates and enforces regulations.
Example: The EPA is an administrative agency.
A less formal legal proceeding before an agency.
Example: The dispute was resolved in an administrative hearing.
Law governing government agencies and regulations.
Example: Administrative law affects businesses and individuals.
A judge who decides cases within government agencies.
Example: The case was heard by an administrative law judge.
A federal law governing how agencies operate.
Example: Agencies must follow the Administrative Procedure Act.
A search conducted for regulatory purposes rather than criminal investigation.
Example: Inspectors performed an administrative search.
A warrant used for regulatory inspections.
Example: Officials obtained an administrative warrant.
A person appointed to manage an estate or affairs.
Example: The court appointed an administrator.
A person appointed by a court to represent an estate in a specific legal case.
Example: The court назначed an administrator ad litem for the lawsuit.
A person appointed to manage an estate when there is a will but no executor available.
Example: The court appointed an administrator cum testamento annexo.
A person appointed to manage remaining estate assets when the original administrator cannot continue.
Example: A new administrator de bonis non was assigned.
A temporary estate administrator during ongoing legal proceedings.
Example: The court назначed an administrator pendente lite.
A person appointed to carry out a will when no executor is named.
Example: She served as administrator with the will annexed.
A female administrator of an estate.
Example: The administratrix managed the estate assets.
Law related to ships and navigation.
Example: Admiralty law governs maritime disputes.
Whether evidence is allowed in court.
Example: The judge ruled on the admissibility of the evidence.
Allowed to be presented in court.
Example: The statement was admissible.
Evidence allowed in court.
Example: The judge ruled the document admissible evidence.
A statement acknowledging a fact.
Example: His admission was used as evidence.
A statement used as proof in court.
Example: The comment served as an admission against evidence.
A statement harmful to the speaker’s position.
Example: The statement was an admission against interest.
A confession to wrongdoing.
Example: The case ended with an admission of guilt.
Release from custody while awaiting trial.
Example: He was granted admission to bail.
To acknowledge something as true.
Example: The defendant admitted the facts.
An asset recognized as valid for financial or insurance purposes.
Example: The property qualified as an admitted asset.
To formally accept or approve.
Example: The legislature adopted the new law.
The suitability of a child to be adopted.
Example: The agency assessed adoptability.
A person who has been adopted.
Example: The adoptee searched for biological parents.
The legal process of becoming a child’s parent.
Example: The adoption was finalized in court.
A legal doctrine recognizing a parent-child relationship despite no formal adoption.
Example: The court applied adoption by estoppel.
Alternative Dispute Resolution; methods of resolving disputes without going to court.
Example: The parties chose ADR instead of litigation.
A person legally recognized as having full rights and responsibilities.
Example: An adult can enter into contracts.
To make something impure or weaker by adding harmful substances.
Example: The company was accused of adulterating products.
The act of making something impure.
Example: The case involved food adulteration.
Voluntary sexual relations between a married person and someone other than their spouse.
Example: Adultery was cited in the divorce case.
Payment given before it is due.
Example: He received an advance on his salary.
A legal document stating a person’s medical wishes if they cannot decide for themselves.
Example: She prepared an advance directive.
Early distribution of funds or benefits.
Example: The inheritance was given as an advancement.
A legal system where opposing sides present cases.
Example: The U.S. uses an adversary system.
Unfavorable or harmful.
Example: The ruling had adverse effects.
A conflict of interest between parties.
Example: The parties had adverse interests.
The opposing party in a legal case.
Example: The adverse party filed a motion.
Gaining ownership by continuous, open use of property.
Example: The claim was based on adverse possession.
A witness whose testimony harms your case.
Example: The lawyer cross-examined the adverse witness.
Guidance or recommendations.
Example: She sought legal advice.
To give guidance or recommendations.
Example: The attorney advised her client.
Careful consideration before making a decision.
Example: The judge took the matter under advisement.
A person who gives advice.
Example: The legal advisor reviewed the case.
Providing guidance but not binding.
Example: The board issued an advisory opinion.
A jury that gives a non-binding opinion.
Example: The advisory jury suggested damages.
A non-binding legal opinion.
Example: The court issued an advisory opinion.
Supporting or arguing for a cause.
Example: She focused on legal advocacy.
A person who supports a cause or to argue in favor of something.
Example: The lawyer advocated for her client.
A person who signs a sworn statement.
Example: The affiant signed the affidavit.
A written sworn statement.
Example: The affidavit was submitted as evidence.
A person or company officially connected to another.
Example: The company became an affiliate.
A formal connection between parties.
Example: The organization has strong affiliations.
To uphold a lower court’s decision.
Example: The appellate court affirmed the ruling.
The confirmation of a lower court’s decision.
Example: The affirmance ended the appeal.
A formal declaration that something is true.
Example: She made an affirmation instead of an oath.
Policies promoting equal opportunity.
Example: The company adopted affirmative action policies.
A defense admitting facts but avoiding liability.
Example: Self-defense is an affirmative defense.
The right to use another person’s property.
Example: The neighbor had an affirmative easement.
A court order requiring someone to take action.
Example: The court issued an affirmative injunction.
A request for the court to grant a specific remedy.
Example: The plaintiff sought affirmative relief.
A guarantee about a product or service.
Example: The seller provided an affirmative warranty.
To attach something formally.
Example: He affixed his signature to the contract.
A federal law that expanded healthcare access in the United States.
Example: The Affordable Care Act changed insurance rules.
A public fight that disturbs the peace.
Example: He was charged with affray.
A federation of labor unions in the United States.
Example: The AFL-CIO supported the workers.
Planning or intent beforehand, especially in criminal law.
Example: The crime showed malice aforethought.
Property obtained after an agreement or event.
Example: The clause covered after-acquired property.
Ownership gained after a transaction.
Example: The buyer benefited from the after-acquired title.
Referring to a child born after a parent’s death or after a will is written.
Example: The after-born child was included in the estate.
Evidence found after a trial.
Example: The case reopened due to after-discovered evidence.
Abbreviation for Attorney General, the chief legal officer of a government.
Example: The AG filed the lawsuit.
The length of time a person has lived, often relevant in legal rights and responsibilities.
Example: Legal rights depend on age.
Unfair treatment based on age.
Example: The lawsuit alleged age discrimination.
A federal law that protects employees over 40 from discrimination based on age.
Example: She filed a claim under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act.
The legal age at which a person can agree to sexual activity.
Example: The law defines the age of consent.
The legal age to agree to certain acts.
Example: The law sets the age of consent.
The age at which a person is legally considered an adult.
Example: He reached the age of majority.
A relationship where one acts for another.
Example: The agent worked under agency law.
When someone is treated as an agent because others relied on that appearance.
Example: The company was bound by agency by estoppel.
An agency relationship where the agent has a personal stake that cannot be easily revoked.
Example: The contract created an agency coupled with an interest.
A workplace where employees must pay union fees but are not required to join the union.
Example: The company operated as an agency shop.
A person authorized to act for another.
Example: The agent signed the agreement.
A person authorized to receive legal documents.
Example: The company listed an agent for service.
Describing a crime made more serious by factors like a weapon, injury, or intent.
Because he used a knife during the fight, he was charged with aggravated assault.
A serious form of assault involving harm or weapons.
Example: He was charged with aggravated assault.
A severe physical attack causing serious injury.
Example: The charge was aggravated battery.
Robbery involving violence or use of a weapon.
Example: The suspect committed aggravated robbery.
A factor that increases the severity of a crime or punishment.
Example: Use of a weapon was an aggravating circumstance.
To combine or total multiple amounts or claims.
Example: The damages were calculated in the aggregate.
A person whose rights have been violated.
Example: The aggrieved party filed suit.
Adjusted Gross Income; income used to determine tax obligations after deductions.
Example: Taxes are based on AGI.
A document where both parties agree on facts.
Example: The case used an agreed statement.
A mutual understanding between parties.
Example: The agreement was legally binding.
A federal law aimed at stabilizing agricultural production and prices.
Example: The policy originated from the Agricultural Adjustment Act.
Assistance or help provided to another.
Example: He was charged for aiding the crime.
To assist in committing a crime.
Example: He was accused of aiding and abetting.
A law allowing terminally ill patients to choose medically assisted death.
Example: The state passed an aid-in-dying law.
A person who helps another commit wrongdoing.
Example: The aider was held responsible.
A legal doctrine where a verdict corrects minor errors in a case.
Example: The issue was resolved by aider by verdict.
The unlawful seizure of an aircraft.
Example: The act was classified as air piracy.
The right to use or control the space above land.
Example: The developer purchased air rights.
A member of a city council.
Example: The alderman voted on the ordinance.
Dependent on chance.
Example: Insurance contracts are aleatory.
A contract where outcomes depend on uncertain events.
Example: Insurance is an aleatory contract.
A promise dependent on an uncertain event.
Example: The agreement included an aleatory promise.
A type of guilty plea in which a defendant maintains their innocence but accepts a conviction because they believe there is enough evidence to result in a guilty verdict.
Example: He entered an Alford plea to avoid the risk of a harsher sentence at trial.
A legal standard for determining insanity in criminal cases.
Example: The defense used the ALI test.
Another name used by a person.
Example: The suspect used an alias.
A second legal document issued when the first was ineffective.
Example: The court issued an alias writ.
A defense claiming presence elsewhere.
Example: He had an alibi for the crime.
A person who supports an alibi.
Example: The alibi witness testified.
A non-citizen.
Example: The law applies to resident aliens.
The ability to transfer property ownership.
Example: The law protects alienability of property.
The status of being a non-citizen.
Example: The case involved alienage issues.
Federal court authority over cases involving foreign parties.
Example: The case qualified under alienage jurisdiction.
To transfer ownership or to separate legally.
Example: He alienated the property.
Transfer of property ownership.
Example: The contract allowed alienation.
A claim for interference in a marriage.
Example: The lawsuit alleged alienation of affection.
Financial support paid after divorce.
Example: The court ordered alimony payments.
A fixed total amount of alimony.
Example: She received alimony in gross.
Temporary support during divorce proceedings.
Example: The court granted alimony pendente lite.
A trust set up to provide alimony payments.
Example: The payments came from an alimony trust.
A portion of a whole.
Example: The estate was divided into aliquot shares.
A rule requiring outside evidence to support certain claims.
Example: The court applied the aliunde rule.
Administrative Law Judge, who presides over administrative hearings.
Example: The ALJ issued a decision.
A claim not yet proven.
Example: The allegation was disputed.
To claim something is true.
Example: The plaintiff alleged negligence.
Instructions given to a jury to encourage reaching a verdict.
Example: The judge issued an Allen charge.
Able to be assigned or distributed.
Example: Costs were allocable among departments.
To formally address the court before sentencing.
Example: The defendant chose to allocute.
A defendant’s statement before sentencing.
Example: He made an allocution.
To permit or approve something.
Example: The judge allowed the evidence.
An amount permitted or granted.
Example: The court approved an allowance.
Land added by natural forces.
Example: The river caused alluvion.
A paper attached to a document for additional signatures.
Example: The endorsement was written on an alonge.
When separate entities are treated as one.
Example: The court pierced the alter ego.
A substitute who takes another’s place if needed.
Example: An alternate juror was selected.
Another option or method.
Example: The parties explored alternatives.
Settling disputes outside court.
Example: The case went to ADR.
A theory holding multiple parties liable when it is unclear who caused harm.
Example: The court applied alternative liability.
A tax system ensuring individuals and corporations pay at least a minimum amount of tax.
Example: He had to calculate the alternative minimum tax.
A court order requiring a party to do one of two things.
Example: The judge issued an alternative order.
Multiple claims made in a case.
Example: The complaint included alternative pleadings.
A court order allowing a person to comply or explain why they have not.
Example: The court issued an alternative writ.
A public notification system for abducted children.
Example: An Amber Alert was issued.
Unclear or uncertain meaning.
Example: The contract contained ambiguity.
A lawyer who aggressively seeks clients, often unethically.
Example: The firm was criticized as ambulance chasers.
Changes made to property that increase its value but alter its character.
Example: The tenant committed ameliorative waste.
Subject to legal authority or control.
Example: He was amenable to the court’s jurisdiction.
To change a document or law.
Example: The plaintiff amended the complaint.
A revised legal filing.
Example: The amended complaint added claims.
Updated court documents.
Example: The court accepted amended pleadings.
A change or addition to a law or document.
Example: The Constitution includes amendments.
A financial penalty imposed by a court.
Example: The court imposed an amendment.
A national organization of lawyers that sets standards for legal education and ethics.
Example: The law school is accredited by the ABA.
A nonprofit organization that protects individual rights and freedoms.
Example: The ACLU challenged the law in court.
A certificate representing shares of a foreign company traded in the U.S.
Example: Investors purchased ADRs of the company.
A federal law prohibiting discrimination against individuals with disabilities.
Example: The building must comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act.
A legal proceeding where both parties agree to resolve a dispute.
Example: They filed an amicable action.
Latin for friend of the court; an outsider who files a brief to help the court decide a case.
A civil rights group filed an amicus curiae brief supporting the tenants side of the case.
A person or group that provides information to assist the court.
Example: The organization filed an amicus brief.
Official forgiveness for certain offenses.
Example: The government granted amnesty.
Gradual repayment of a debt over time.
Example: The loan required amortization payments.
To pay off a debt over time in installments.
Example: The borrower amortized the loan.
A person from whom one is descended.
Example: The property passed from an ancestor.
Supporting or related to a main issue.
Example: The court addressed ancillary matters.
Probate proceedings in a different state where property is located.
Example: The estate required ancillary administration.
A court’s authority to hear related claims.
Example: The court exercised ancillary jurisdiction.
Intent or motive behind an action.
Example: The crime required proof of animus.
Intent to steal.
Example: The prosecution proved animus furandi.
Intent to make a will.
Example: The document showed animus testandi.
To attach or add something.
Example: The document was annexed.
The act of adding property or territory.
Example: The city approved annexation.
A note explaining or commenting on a legal text.
Example: The statute included annotations.
The amount that can be given as a gift without tax.
Example: The gift fell under the annual exclusion.
A yearly gathering of members or shareholders.
Example: The company held its annual meeting.
A yearly summary of financial and business activity.
Example: The firm released its annual report.
A person receiving payments from an annuity.
Example: The annuitant received monthly income.
A person receiving payments from an annuity.
Example: The annuitant received monthly income.
A series of payments made over time.
Example: He invested in an annuity.
An annuity paid for a fixed period.
Example: The annuity certainly lasted ten years.
Payments made at the beginning of each period.
Example: The contract included an annuity due.
To declare something legally invalid.
Example: The court annulled the marriage.
A legal declaration that a marriage never existed.
Example: The court granted an annulment.
A defendant’s response to a complaint.
Example: The defendant filed an answer.
A prior event or condition.
Example: The antecedent influenced the case.
A debt that existed before a particular transaction.
Example: The payment covered an antecedent debt.
A contract made before marriage regarding property and finances.
Example: They signed an antenuptial agreement.
A law preventing gifts in a will from failing if the beneficiary dies first.
Example: The anti-lapse statute preserved the gift.
A contract where property is given as security for a debt.
Example: The agreement involved antichresis.
Expectation of a future event.
Example: The contract addressed anticipation of risk.
When one party indicates they will not fulfill a contract.
Example: The refusal was an anticipatory breach.
A clear refusal to perform contractual obligations.
Example: The statement amounted to anticipatory repudiation.
A warrant issued before probable cause is fully established but expected.
Example: Officers obtained an anticipatory warrant.
Laws promoting competition and preventing monopolies.
Example: The company violated antitrust laws.
Laws promoting fair competition and preventing monopolies.
Example: The company violated antitrust laws.
A certification verifying documents for international use.
Example: The document required an apostille.
Visible or understood from circumstances.
Example: The risk was apparent.
When someone appears to have authority to act for another.
Example: The company was liable under apparent agency.
Authority that appears to exist and is relied upon by others.
Example: The agent acted with apparent authority.
A request for a higher court to review a decision.
Example: The case is under appeal.
Money posted to delay enforcement of a judgment during appeal.
Example: He filed an appeal bond.
Able to be reviewed by a higher court.
Example: The decision was appealable.
A court that reviews lower court decisions.
Example: The case went to the appeals court.
To present oneself in court.
Example: The defendant must appear in court.
To present oneself in court.
Example: The defendant failed to appear.
A formal act of attending court.
Example: He made his first appearance.
Money ensuring a defendant returns to court.
Example: The judge set an appearance bond.
The party filing an appeal.
Example: The appellant challenged the ruling.
A court that reviews lower court decisions.
Example: The appellate court reversed the case.
The party responding to an appeal.
Example: The appellee defended the decision.
A formal request to a court.
Example: She filed an application for relief.
To officially select someone for a position or role.
Example: The judge appointed an attorney.
A person selected for a position.
Example: The appointee accepted the role.
The act of assigning authority or position.
Example: The appointment was confirmed.
To divide or allocate something.
Example: The court apportioned damages.
The division of responsibility or costs.
Example: The apportionment was based on fault.
An evaluation of value.
Example: The property required an appraisal.
A contract term requiring value disputes to be resolved by appraisal.
Example: The contract included an appraisal clause.
To estimate value.
Example: The property was appraised.
A person who determines value.
Example: The appraiser inspected the home.
To increase in value.
Example: The asset appreciated over time.
Increase in value.
Example: The investment gained appreciation.
To speak privately with the judge.
Example: The lawyer approached the bench.
To move closer to present evidence.
Example: The attorney approached the witness.
Belonging to or attached to something else.
Example: The easement was appurtenant to the land.
Attached to or associated with property.
Example: The easement was appurtenant.
A right tied to land ownership that benefits another property.
Example: The property included an appurtenant easement.
Annual Percentage Rate; the yearly cost of borrowing money.
Example: The loan had a high APR.
A person who decides a dispute.
Example: The arbiter resolved the disagreement.
Based on personal choice, not law or reason.
Example: The decision was arbitrary.
A trademark using a common word in an unrelated context.
Example: The brand name was an arbitrary mark.
To resolve a dispute outside of court.
Example: The parties agreed to arbitrate.
A method of resolving disputes outside court.
Example: The case went to arbitration.
A neutral person who decides disputes in arbitration.
Example: The arbitrator issued a decision.
The final decision made in arbitration.
Example: The arbitrator’s award was binding.
To present reasons in support of a position.
Example: The attorney argued the case.
For the sake of argument.
Example: Arguendo, even if true, the claim fails.
Opposing or challenging improperly in court.
Example: The question was ruled argumentative.
A fair, independent transaction.
Example: The deal was conducted at arm’s length.
To formally charge a defendant in court.
Example: The suspect was arraigned.
A hearing where charges are presented.
Example: The arraignment was scheduled.
Overdue payments.
Example: He owed child support arrears.
Taking someone into custody.
Example: The suspect was arrested.
A court decision preventing a judgment due to error.
Example: The defense requested arrest of judgment.
A court order authorizing arrest.
Example: Police obtained an arrest warrant.
A person who has been arrested.
Example: The arrestee was processed.
The intentional burning of property.
Example: The fire was ruled arson.
A person who commits arson.
Example: The arsonist was arrested.
A section of a legal document.
Example: Article I outlines powers.
A court created by Congress for specialized purposes.
Example: The case went to an Article I court.
A federal court established under the Constitution.
Example: The case was heard in an Article III court.
Formal charges against an official.
Example: Congress issued articles of impeachment.
Documents creating a corporation.
Example: The business filed articles of incorporation.
A trick or deceptive plan.
Example: The scheme involved artifice.
A legal entity, such as a corporation.
Example: A corporation is an artificial person.
A contract term stating property is accepted in its current condition.
Example: The sale included an as is clause.
A person from whom one is descended.
Example: The property came from an ascendant.
The act of carrying away property in a theft.
Example: The crime required asportation.
Threat or attempt to harm someone.
Example: He was charged with assault.
The combined act of threatening harm and physically harming another person.
Example: The defendant faced assault and battery charges.
An assault carried out with the purpose of committing another crime.
Example: He was charged with assault with intent.
A gathering of people, often protected under constitutional rights.
Example: The protest was considered a lawful assembly.
Agreement or approval.
Example: Both parties gave assent to the contract.
To state or claim something confidently.
Example: The lawyer asserted the client’s rights.
A statement claiming something is true.
Example: The assertion lacked evidence.
To evaluate or determine value.
Example: The damages were assessed.
The determination of value, damages, or taxes.
Example: The property assessment increased.
A claim against property for unpaid assessments.
Example: The city placed an assessment lien.
A person who determines value for tax or legal purposes.
Example: The assessor evaluated the property.
A financial instrument backed by assets such as loans.
Example: Investors purchased asset-backed securities.
Property or valuables owned.
Example: The company listed its assets.
To transfer rights.
Example: He assigned the contract.
The ability to transfer rights or interests.
Example: The contract limited assignability.
Required insurance coverage for high-risk individuals.
Example: He was placed in an assigned risk pool.
The person receiving transferred rights.
Example: The assignee accepted the contract.
A person who receives transferred rights.
Example: The assignee accepted the agreement.
Transfer of rights or duties.
Example: The assignment was valid.
Transfer of assets to pay debts.
Example: The business filed an assignment for creditors.
A transfer of assets to pay off debts.
Example: The company filed an assignment for the benefit of creditors.
A claim that a legal mistake was made in a trial.
Example: The appeal included an assignment of error.
Transferring income rights to another party.
Example: The contract involved assignment of income.
Transferring lease rights to another party.
Example: The tenant completed an assignment of lease.
A person who transfers rights to another.
Example: The assignor signed the agreement.
The right to have a lawyer.
Example: He was guaranteed assistance by counsel.
Helping another person end their life, regulated by law.
Example: The case involved assisted suicide laws.
A non-partner lawyer.
Example: The associate handled research.
A judge on a high court
Example: The associate justice wrote the opinion.
A group with a shared purpose.
Example: The legal association met annually.
To take on responsibility.
Example: He assumed the debt.
A legal claim for breach of a promise or agreement.
Example: The case was filed as an assumpsit.
Taking responsibility or a belief accepted as true.
Example: The case relied on an assumption..
Accepting known dangers.
Example: The waiver showed assumption of risk.
A defense that a person knowingly accepted a risk.
Example: The defense argued assumption of risk.
A guarantee or promise.
Example: The contract included assurances
A person covered by insurance.
Example: The assured filed a claim.
Protection for someone fleeing danger.
Example: She was granted asylum.
The state where a person seeks refuge.
Example: He remained in the asylum state.
Currently before a court for a decision.
Example: The case at the bar involved contract law.
Responsible for wrongdoing or damage.
Example: The driver was at fault.
In dispute or under consideration.
Example: The contract terms were at issue.
Referring to legal rights and remedies, not equity.
Example: The claim was at law.
Employment that can be ended at any time by either party.
Example: She worked at will.
A tax rule limiting deductions to the amount at financial risk.
Example: The deduction was limited by the at-risk rule.
An employee who can be fired anytime
Example: She was an at-will employee.
A job arrangement where either the employer or employee can end the relationship anytime for almost any reason.
Because of at-will employment, the company could fire him without giving a specific reason.
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, a federal law enforcement agency.
Example: The ATF investigated the case.
A law regulating nuclear energy.
Example: The case involved the Atomic Energy Act.
To seize property under legal authority.
Example: The court allowed them to attach assets.
Legally connected to property or claim.
Example: The lien was attached.
Legal seizure of property.
Example: The property was under attachment.
A claim placed on property seized by court order.
Example: The property had an attachment lien.
Trying to commit a crime unsuccessfully.
Example: He was charged with attempted theft.
A weakening of the connection between evidence and illegal action.
Example: The court found attenuation.
To confirm as true.
Example: He attested to the statement.
Confirmation of truth.
Example: The document included attestation.
A statement verifying a document was properly signed.
Example: The will included an attestation clause.
A licensed legal representative.
Example: The attorney argued the case.
A lawyer appointed to represent someone in a specific case.
Example: The court назначed an attorney ad litem.
A formally licensed lawyer.
Example: She is an attorney at law.
The chief legal officer of a government.
Example: The Attorney General filed charges.
The lawyer officially representing a party.
Example: He is the attorney of record.
Confidentiality between lawyer and client.
Example: The conversation was protected by privilege.
A person authorized to act for another.
Example: She acted as attorney-in-fact.
Promotion of legal services.
Example: The ad followed attorneys advertising rules.
Payment for legal services.
Example: The court awarded attorney’s fees.
Materials prepared for litigation.
Example: Notes were protected as work product.
A tenant’s agreement to recognize a new landlord.
Example: The tenant signed an attornment.
A dangerous condition that may attract children and create liability.
Example: The pool was considered an attractive nuisance.
Liability for hazards attracting children.
Example: The pool violated the doctrine.
A public sale where items go to the highest bidder.
Example: The property was sold at auction.
A review of financial records.
Example: The company underwent an audit.
A group overseeing financial reporting.
Example: The audit committee reviewed statements.
A person who reviews finances.
Example: The auditor examined accounts.
A legal calculation of a deceased person’s total assets.
Example: The augmented estate determined inheritance.
A document officially executed and recognized as valid.
Example: The contract was an authentic act.
To verify that something is genuine.
Example: The document was authenticated.
Sources of legal rules.
Example: The lawyer cited authorities.
Legal power to act.
Example: The agent had authority.
When someone is treated as having authority because others relied on that appearance.
Example: The company was bound by authority by estoppel.
To give legal permission.
Example: The contract authorized payment.
Occurring without the need for action or decision.
Example: The renewal was automatic.
A court order stopping actions against a debtor once bankruptcy is filed.
Example: The automatic stay halted collections.
A rule allowing police to search a vehicle without a warrant under certain conditions.
Example: The search was justified by the automobile exception.
A law limiting lawsuits by passengers against drivers unless negligence is proven.
Example: The claim was affected by the automobile guest statute.
The right to self-govern or make independent decisions.
Example: Patients have autonomy in medical decisions.
An examination of a body after death to determine the cause.
Example: The autopsy revealed the cause of death.
A defense that a person cannot be tried again after being acquitted of the same crime.
Example: The defendant raised an autrefois acquittal.
A defense that a person cannot be tried again after being convicted of the same crime.
Example: The defense argued autrefois convict.
To formally state or assert something as true.
Example: The complaint averred negligence.
A formal statement or claim in legal pleadings.
Example: The averment was included in the filing.
To make something legally invalid.
Example: The contract was voided to avoid liability.
A rule requiring a person to minimize damages after harm occurs.
Example: The court applied avoidable consequences.
The act of making something invalid or preventing harm.
Example: The strategy involved avoidance of liability.
Sudden loss of land due to natural forces.
Example: The flood caused avulsion.
Compensation granted by a court or arbitrator.
Example: The plaintiff received an award
A national organization of lawyers and legal professionals that sets ethical standards and supports the legal profession in the United States.
Example: The lawyer followed the American Bar Association
A business focused on profit and social good.
Example: The company became a B corporation.
A corporate restructuring for tax purposes.
Example: The company underwent a B reorganization.
A small-denomination bond issued by a government or corporation.
Example: The investor purchased a baby bond.
An undergraduate law degree qualifying someone for legal study or practice in some countries.
Example: She earned an LL.B. before applying to law school
Wages owed for past work not yet paid.
Example: The employee received back pay after the lawsuit.
Multiple life sentences served consecutively.
Example: He received back-to-back life sentences for multiple crimes.
Money owed that is unlikely to be repaid.
Example: The company wrote off the loan as bad debt.
Dishonest or unfair conduct.
Example: The insurer acted in bad faith by denying the claim.
Money or property given to ensure court appearance.
Example: He was released on bail.
A promise to pay bail if the defendant fails to appear.
Example: The family secured a bail bond.
A person who posts bail for a fee.
Example: The bondsman charged a percentage of the bail.
A person temporarily holding another’s property.
Example: The dry cleaner is the bailee of the clothes.
A court officer maintaining order.
Example: The bailiff called the court to order.
Temporary transfer of property for safekeeping.
Example: Parking a car creates a bailment.
A bailment where compensation is involved.
Example: The storage was a bailment for hire.
A bailment benefiting both parties.
Example: The transaction was for mutual benefit.
A person who temporarily gives property to another.
Example: The bailor entrusted the goods.
The owner who transfers property in a bailment.
Example: The bailor expects the item returned.
Financial assistance given to prevent failure.
Example: The company received a bailout.
A deceptive sales tactic replacing advertised goods.
Example: The store used bait and switch tactics.
A Supreme Court case establishing that federal courts can hear redistricting cases.
Example: The decision relied on Baker v. Carr.
The amount remaining owed or available.
Example: The account balance was low.
Charging a patient the difference not covered by insurance.
Example: Balance billing is restricted in many states.
A financial statement listing assets, liabilities, and equity.
Example: The balance sheet showed company health.
A method of weighing competing interests in legal decisions.
Example: The court used a balancing test.
The study of projectiles, often used in criminal investigations.
Example: Ballistics evidence was presented.
A loan with small payments followed by a large final payment.
Example: The loan was a balloon mortgage.
A law proposed directly to voters.
Example: Voters approved the ballot initiative.
An official prohibition.
Example: The law imposed a ban.
Temporary rule preventing evictions.
Example: The ban protected tenants during COVID.
A financial institution that holds and lends money.
Example: She deposited funds in the bank.
A trust created through a bank account for a beneficiary.
Example: The account was a bank account trust.
A check issued by a bank guaranteeing payment.
Example: The buyer used a bank check.
Paper money issued by a bank.
Example: The payment was made with a bank note.
A financial instrument guaranteed by a bank.
Example: The deal used a banker’s acceptance.
A legal process for debt relief.
Example: The company filed for bankruptcy.
A court handling bankruptcy cases.
Example: The case was heard in bankruptcy court.
All property owned at the time of filing.
Example: Assets became part of the bankruptcy estate.
The legal process of resolving debts.
Example: The proceedings lasted months.
A person managing a bankruptcy case.
Example: The trustee handled the estate.
Licensed lawyers or courtroom division.
Example: She passed the bar.
A professional organization for lawyers.
Example: He joined the bar association.
A test to become a lawyer.
Example: She studied for the bar exam.
Permission to use property without ownership rights.
Example: He had a bare license to enter.
A lease of a vessel without crew or supplies.
Example: The company entered a bareboat charter.
An agreement exchanging value.
Example: The contract reflected a fair bargain.
A deed transferring property without warranties.
Example: The seller used a bargain and sale deed.
A representative negotiating for others.
Example: The union acted as bargaining agent.
The right to negotiate employment terms.
Example: Workers exercised bargaining rights.
A group represented by a union.
Example: The bargaining unit negotiated wages.
Filing repeated frivolous lawsuits.
Example: The lawyer was accused of barratry.
A court-focused lawyer
Example: The barrister argued the case.
Exchange of goods or services without money.
Example: They agreed to barter services.
Essential medical services required by law.
Example: Plans must include basic health services.
The foundation of a legal claim.
Example: The lawsuit lacked a legal basis.
The state of being born outside of marriage.
Example: The law addressed issues of bastardy.
An objection to removing jurors based on race.
Example: The attorney raised a Batson challenge.
Medical evidence showing repeated child abuse.
Example: The case involved battered child syndrome.
A psychological condition used in legal defenses for abuse victims.
Example: The defense cited battered woman syndrome.
Harmful or offensive physical contact.
Example: He was charged with battery.
Trust rules limiting spending access.
Example: The trust included beach bum provisions.
A person holding a financial instrument payable to whoever possesses it.
Example: The check was payable to the bearer.
A person holding a negotiable instrument.
Example: The bearer may claim payment.
A bond payable to whoever holds it.
Example: The investor held a bearer bond.
A document payable to its holder.
Example: A bearer bond requires no named owner.
A negotiable instrument payable to the holder.
Example: The note was bearer paper.
Transferable documents owned by the holder.
Example: Bearer papers allow easy transfer.
A security owned by whoever holds it.
Example: The certificate was a bearer security.
Workplace conduct rules.
Example: Employees must follow behavioral standards.
A held opinion or assumption.
Example: His belief influenced intent.
Judges collectively.
Example: The bench issued a ruling.
A trial decided by a judge.
Example: The case was a bench trial.
A warrant for failing to appear.
Example: The judge issued a bench warrant.
The right to benefit from property.
Example: She held beneficial interest.
A person who benefits from property ownership.
Example: He was the beneficial owner.
Use of property provides benefits.
Example: The land had beneficial use.
A person receiving benefits.
Example: The beneficiary received funds.
A person entitled to receive property from an estate.
Example: The beneficiary heir inherited the assets.
Additional compensation beyond wages.
Example: The job included health benefits.
A company that aims to make profit while also creating a positive social impact.
Example: The business operates as a benefit corporation.
The right to legal representation.
Example: He exercised his benefit of counsel.
The value a party expected to receive from a contract.
Example: The court awarded damages for loss of the benefit of the bargain.
Temporary extension of benefits.
Example: The program allowed benefits expansion.
To leave property in a will.
Example: She bequeathed her estate.
Property left in a will.
Example: The bequest included jewelry.
Requirement to use original evidence.
Example: The rule required the original document.
Illegal sexual conduct between a person and an animal.
Example: The offense was classified as bestiality.
The highest standard of proof.
Example: The jury found guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
A valid job qualification allowing limited discrimination.
Example: Gender may be a BFOQ in certain roles.
Board of Immigration Appeals, which reviews immigration cases.
Example: The case was appealed to the BIA.
Prejudice affects judgment.
Example: The juror showed bias.
A crime motivated by prejudice.
Example: The attack was a bias crime.
Having two legislative chambers.
Example: Congress is bicameral.
The system of having two legislative bodies.
Example: Bicameralism divides power.
An offer to purchase.
Example: The contractor submitted a bid.
A guarantee that a bidder will honor their offer.
Example: The contractor provided a bid bond.
A person who makes an offer.
Example: The bidder won the auction.
To divide a case into parts.
Example: The court bifurcated the trial.
The division of a case into separate issues.
Example: Bifurcation simplified the trial.
Being married to two people at once.
Example: Bigamy is illegal.
A contract with mutual promises.
Example: Employment contracts are bilateral.
A proposed law.
Example: Congress debated the bill.
A law punishing without trial
Example: The Constitution bans bills of attainder.
A formal written complaint filed in court.
Example: The plaintiff filed a bill of complaint.
A list of legal expenses.
Example: The attorney submitted a bill of costs.
An order to pay money.
Example: The merchant issued a bill of exchange.
A formal charge issued by a grand jury.
Example: The grand jury issued a bill of indictment.
A criminal charge filed without a grand jury.
Example: The prosecutor filed a bill of information.
A legal action to resolve conflicting claims over property.
Example: The bank filed a bill of interpleaders.
A shipping document and contract.
Example: The goods required a bill of lading.
Detailed statement of claims.
Example: The court ordered a bill of particulars.
The first 10 amendments.
Example: The Bill of Rights protects freedoms.
A document transferring ownership.
Example: The car sale required a bill of sale.
Time a lawyer spends working that is billed to a client.
Example: She tracked her billable hours.
Temporary agreement or insurance proof.
Example: The binder confirmed coverage.
Legally enforceable.
Example: The contract is binding.
A legal principle requiring courts to follow decisions made in earlier cases by higher courts within the same jurisdiction.
Example: The judge followed binding precedent when deciding the case.
A collection of biological samples.
Example: The study used a biobank.
Ethical issues in medicine and science.
Example: Bioethics addresses end-of-life care.
Unique physical identifiers.
Example: Fingerprints are biometric data.
A law regulating campaign finance.
Example: The case involved the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act.
A woman who gives birth to a child.
Example: The birth mother consented to adoption.
Well-established legal principles.
Example: This rule is black letter law.
Well-established legal rules.
Example: The principle is black-letter law.
A placeholder name for property in legal examples.
Example: The contract referred to Blackacre.
Blocking employment opportunities unfairly.
Example: The company was accused of blacklisting.
Threatening to reveal information for gain.
Example: He was charged with blackmail.
A signature allowing transfer to bearer.
Example: The check had a blank endorsement.
Insurance covering multiple risks.
Example: The company purchased a blanket bond.
Insurance covering various risks under one policy.
Example: The policy was blanket insurance.
A mortgage covering multiple properties.
Example: The loan was secured by a blanket mortgage.
Speech or actions showing disrespect toward religion.
Example: The case involved blasphemy laws.
A blog focused on legal topics.
Example: She writes a legal blawg.
Government funding for general use.
Example: The state received a block grant.
A person related by birth.
Example: The estate passed to a blood relative.
A police record of incidents and arrests.
Example: The case appeared on the blotter.
Laws restricting Sunday activities.
Example: Some blue laws remain.
A rule allowing courts to modify contracts to make them enforceable.
Example: The court applied the blue pencil rule.
A specially selected jury.
Example: The case used a blue ribbon jury.
Laws preventing investment fraud.
Example: Blue sky laws protect investors.
A group that manages or directs an organization.
Example: The board approved the decision.
A group overseeing a corporation.
Example: The board of directors met.
A body reviewing immigration decisions.
Example: The appeal went to the Board of Immigration Appeals.
Physical harm to a person.
Example: The claim involved bodily injury.
A legally recognized organization, such as a corporation.
Example: The company operates as a body corporate.
A group of people organized under a government.
Example: The state is considered a body politic.
A fraudulent operation that pressures people into investments.
Example: The scheme was run from a boiler room.
Standard language used repeatedly in contracts.
Example: The agreement included boilerplate clauses.
Genuine or in good faith.
Example: He made a bona fide offer.
A person who holds property in good faith without knowledge of defects.
Example: She was a bona fide holder.
A legitimate job requirement allowing certain discrimination.
Example: Age was a bona fide occupational qualification.
A buyer who purchases property without knowledge of competing claims.
Example: The buyer was a bona fide purchaser.
Property without an owner that belongs to the state.
Example: The estate became bona vacantia.
A financial or legal obligation ensuring payment or performance.
Example: The company issued a bond.
A contract where the seller keeps title until payment is complete.
Example: The property was sold through a bond for deed.
A person who owns a bond.
Example: The bondholder received interest payments.
A person who provides bail money.
Example: The bondsman posted bail.
The value of an asset according to financial records.
Example: The asset’s book value was listed.
A bond recorded electronically instead of on paper.
Example: The investor purchased a book-entry bond.
To produce or distribute something illegally.
Example: He was arrested for bootlegging.
The illegal production or sale of goods.
Example: The case involved bootlegging.
A search conducted at a border without a warrant.
Example: Officers performed a border search.
A person who receives money with the obligation to repay.
Example: The borrower signed a loan agreement.
A loan secured by a ship, repaid only if the ship returns safely.
Example: The agreement involved bottomry.
Refusing to engage with a business or entity as protest.
Example: The group organized a boycott.
Evidence favorable to a defendant that must be disclosed.
Example: The prosecution failed to provide Brady material.
The irreversible loss of brain function, recognized as legal death.
Example: The patient was declared brain dead.
A division of government or organization.
Example: The judicial branch decided the case.
A bank office operating under a main institution.
Example: He visited a branch bank.
A name identifying a product or company.
Example: The brand name was trademarked.
A legal brief using social science data to support arguments.
Example: The case included a Brandeis brief.
A violation of a legal duty or agreement.
Example: The company committed a breach.
Failure to fulfill contractual obligations.
Example: The lawsuit alleged breach of contract.
Failure to meet a legal obligation.
Example: The case involved breach of duty.
Disrupting public order.
Example: He was charged with breach of the peace.
Violation of a fiduciary duty.
Example: The trustee committed a breach of trust.
Failure to fulfill a promise about a product or service.
Example: The claim involved breach of warranty.
Entering property unlawfully with force.
Example: He was charged with breaking and entering.
A device measuring alcohol levels in breath.
Example: The officer used a Breathalyzer.
Offering something of value to influence actions.
Example: The official was charged with bribery.
A temporary bank created to maintain operations of a failed bank.
Example: The assets were transferred to a bridge bank.
A short-term loan used until permanent financing is secured.
Example: The company used a bridge loan.
A written legal argument submitted to a court.
Example: The lawyer filed a brief.
A clear, strict rule with no interpretation needed.
Example: The court applied a bright-line rule.
A person who arranges transactions between parties.
Example: The broker negotiated the deal.
The business of arranging transactions.
Example: He works in brokerage.
Land previously used for industrial purposes that may be contaminated.
Example: The site was a brownfield.
An area separating groups to prevent conflict.
Example: The law required a buffer zone.
The sale of a large portion of business inventory.
Example: The company completed a bulk sale.
The transfer of a large amount of assets outside normal business.
Example: The law regulated bulk transfers.
Repeated harmful behavior toward another person.
Example: The case involved workplace bullying.
A legal obligation or responsibility.
Example: The plaintiff carried the burden.
The duty to convince the court.
Example: The prosecution had the burden of persuasion.
The obligation to present enough evidence to support a claim.
Example: The plaintiff met the burden of production.
The responsibility to prove a claim in court.
Example: The prosecution carries the burden of proof.
A federal agency that enforces laws related to firearms, explosives, and certain substances.
Example: The case was investigated by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives.
A federal agency that manages relations with Native American tribes.
Example: The issue involved the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
A federal agency overseeing public lands.
Example: The land was regulated by the Bureau of Land Management.
A federal agency responsible for managing prisons.
Example: The inmate was held by the Bureau of Prisons.
A doctrine where federal courts avoid interfering with complex state regulatory matters.
Example: The court applied Burford abstention.
A person who unlawfully enters property to commit a crime.
Example: The burglar was arrested.
Unlawful entry into a building with intent to commit a crime.
Example: He was charged with burglary.
A person who acts on behalf of a business.
Example: The business agent signed the contract.
Pressure forcing someone to act against their will in a business context.
Example: The agreement was signed under business compulsion.
An expense that can be subtracted from income for tax purposes.
Example: The company claimed a business deduction.
False statements harming a business’s reputation.
Example: The lawsuit alleged business disparagement.
Costs incurred in operating a business.
Example: Travel was a business expense.
A rule protecting business decisions made in good faith.
Example: The directors relied on the business judgment rule.
A rule allowing certain records as evidence despite hearsay rules.
Example: The documents were admitted under the business records exception.
A trust created for business purposes.
Example: The company operated as a business trust.
Transporting students to achieve school integration.
Example: The policy involved busing.
A test asking whether harm would have occurred without a specific action.
Example: The defendant’s act was the but-for cause.
A company’s purchase of its own shares.
Example: The company announced a buyback.
A person who buys goods in good faith during normal business.
Example: The buyer was protected as a buyer in ordinary course.
The purchase of a controlling interest in a business.
Example: The firm completed a buyout.
A legal principle preventing someone from denying a fact due to prior actions.
Example: The claim was enforced by estoppel.
A form of joint ownership between spouses.
Example: They owned the property by the entirety.
A rule governing an organization’s internal operations.
Example: The board followed its bylaws.
The internal rules that govern how a company, nonprofit, or association operates.
The homeowners association bylaws required two weeks notice before any board vote.
A trust used to reduce estate taxes.
Example: The estate included a bypass trust.
Cost and freight; buyer pays freight charges.
Example: The contract was listed as C & F.
A corporation taxed separately from its owners.
Example: The business was structured as a C corporation.
A tax-free corporate reorganization.
Example: The merger qualified as a C reorganization.
Cost, insurance, and freight included in price.
Example: The contract was listed as C.I.F.
Chief Justice.
Example: The opinion was written by the C.J.
Code of Massachusetts Regulations.
Example: The rule appears in the C.M.R.
Credit note.
Example: The company issued a C.N.
Care of; used in mailing addresses.
Example: Send the letter c/o the firm.
A schedule of court cases to be heard.
Example: The judge reviewed the calendar for the day.
A court session to check the status of cases.
Example: The attorney attended the calendar call.
A demand to appear in court.
Example: The witness received a call to testify.
To request someone’s presence in court.
Example: The judge may call in another witness.
The reading of scheduled court cases.
Example: The call of the list started at 9 a.m.
The right to buy an asset at a fixed price.
Example: The investor exercised a call option.
Able to be demanded or required, often financially.
Example: The bond was callable after five years.
When a court issues a decision.
Example: The ruling came down yesterday.
To end or void something legally.
Example: The contract was canceled.
Able to be canceled under certain conditions.
Example: The agreement is cancelable within 30 days.
The act of ending something.
Example: The cancelation required notice.
Officially ended or voided.
Example: The policy was canceled.
The act of ending something.
Example: Canceling the deal required approval.
Capable of being canceled.
Example: The subscription is cancellable anytime.
The formal ending of an agreement.
Example: The cancellation fee was high.
Another spelling of canceled.
Example: The event was cancelled.
Another spelling of canceling.
Example: Cancelling the contract required notice.
A rule or principle.
Example: The decision followed legal canon.
Laws governing a church.
Example: The case was based on canon law.
A strong fabric; not typically a legal term.
Example: The painting was done on canvas.
Sought opinions or support.
Example: The lawyer canvased the neighborhood.
The act of seeking support.
Example: Canvasing took several hours.
To gather information or opinions.
Example: They canvass jurors carefully.
Gathered opinions or information.
Example: The area was canvassed for evidence.
The process of gathering opinions.
Example: Canvassing helped the investigation.
A limit placed on something, such as damages or expenses.
Example: The law placed a cap on damages.
Legal abilities or qualifications to act.
Example: The contract outlined the capacities of each party.
The legal ability to enter into a contract.
Example: The minor lacked capacity to sign the agreement.
A court order directing an officer to take someone into custody.
Example: The judge issued a capias for the defendant.
A writ ordering a person to be brought to court to respond to a lawsuit.
Example: The court issued a capias ad respondendum.
A writ ordering arrest until a debt is paid.
Example: The debtor was taken under capias ad satisfaciendum.
Wealth or financial assets used for investment.
Example: The company raised capital for expansion.
Property owned for long-term use or investment.
Example: The building was considered a capital asset.
Money or property invested into a business.
Example: Each partner made a capital contribution.
Funds used to acquire or improve long-term assets.
Example: The renovation was a capital expenditure.
Same as capital expenditure.
Example: The equipment purchase was a capital expense.
Profit from selling an asset.
Example: She reported a capital gain on the sale.
Loss from selling an asset.
Example: The investor reported a capital loss.
A crime serious enough to be punishable by death.
First-degree murder is considered a capital offense in some states.
The legal penalty of death.
Example: The case involved capital punishment.
Shares issued by a corporation.
Example: The company increased its capital stock.
Funds above the nominal value of stock.
Example: The excess was recorded as capital surplus.
The total value of a company’s assets or stock.
Example: The company’s capitalization increased.
To convert into capital or record as an asset.
Example: The firm chose to capitalize the expense.
Recorded as a capital asset.
Example: The cost was capitalized.
The act of recording as capital.
Example: Capitalizing expenses can affect taxes.
A fixed fee per person for services.
Example: The doctor was paid by capitation.
Acting unpredictably or without reason.
Example: The decision was deemed capricious.
In an unpredictable or arbitrary manner.
Example: The rule was applied capriciously.
The quality of being unpredictable.
Example: The capriciousness of the ruling raised concerns.
The heading of a legal document listing parties.
Example: The caption included both parties’ names.
The level of attention or caution required legally.
Example: The driver failed to exercise proper care.
A person repeatedly convicted of crimes.
Example: The defendant was labeled a career offender.
Failing to exercise proper caution.
Example: The careless act led to liability.
The crime of stealing a vehicle by force.
Example: He was charged with carjacking.
Sexual intercourse, often referenced in criminal law.
Example: The charge involved carnal knowledge.
A person or company that transports goods.
Example: The carrier was responsible for delivery.
A right to hold goods until payment is made.
Example: The carrier exercised a carrier’s lien.
Applying a tax loss to a previous year.
Example: The company used a carryback for taxes.
Applying a tax loss to future years.
Example: The loss was applied as a carryforward.
The transfer of something to another period.
Example: The deduction was a carryover.
The original value of an asset transferred.
Example: The property kept its carryover basis.
An unavoidable accident.
Example: The damage was considered cas fortuit.
A legal action brought before a court.
Example: The case was heard in federal court.
The case currently being considered.
Example: The case at bar involves contract law.
The main argument presented by a party.
Example: The plaintiff presented their case in chief.
Law established through court decisions.
Example: The ruling relied on case law.
A case with no prior precedent.
Example: This is a case of first impression.
A written statement of facts for a court decision.
Example: The dispute was resolved through a case stated.
Previously decided or recorded.
Example: The issue was already cased.
The number of cases handled by a court or lawyer.
Example: The judge had a heavy caseload.
Money in physical or liquid form.
Example: The payment was made in cash.
Payment made when shipping documents are presented.
Example: The deal was cash against documents.
Accounting method recording income when received.
Example: The business uses cash basis accounting.
Cash pledged as security.
Example: The loan required cash collateral.
A merger where shareholders receive cash.
Example: The company agreed to a cash merger.
Same as cash basis accounting.
Example: The firm follows the cash method.
To convert assets into cash.
Example: He chose to cash out his investment.
A sale paid immediately in cash.
Example: The transaction was a cash sale.
The amount received when canceling a policy.
Example: The policy had a high cash surrender value.
The monetary worth of an asset or policy.
Example: The insurance built cash value.
The act of converting assets into cash.
Example: The cash-out was profitable.
A bank-issued check guaranteeing payment.
Example: The buyer used a cashier’s check.
Surveying a location before committing a crime.
Example: He was accused of casing the store.
Not formal or not legally binding.
Example: The agreement was considered casual.
Persons injured or killed.
Example: The accident caused several casualties.
Injury, death, or loss from an accident.
Example: The fire was considered a casualty.
Profit from insurance after a loss.
Example: The payout created a casualty gain.
Financial loss from damage or disaster.
Example: The storm resulted in a casualty loss.
A shared fund for losses.
Example: The group maintained a casualty pot.
A situation not covered by law.
Example: The issue was a casus omissus.
A meeting of members of a political group.
Example: The party held a caucus.
A reason or cause in legal context.
Example: The contract lacked causa.
In contemplation of imminent death.
Example: The gift was made causa mortis.
Plural of causa.
Example: Multiple causae were identified.
Relating to cause or reason.
Example: The link was found to be causal.
Mistaken form of casualties or references to cause relationships.
Example: The report confused causalities and casualties.
The relationship between cause and effect.
Example: The case examined causality.
The act of causing something; a key element in liability.
Example: The plaintiff had to prove causation.
A reason or basis for a legal action.
Example: The plaintiff must show cause for the claim.
The actual cause of an event or injury.
Example: The defendant’s actions were the cause in fact of the harm.
A set of facts that gives someone the right to sue.
Example: The lawyer determined there was a valid cause of action.
Brought about or resulted in something.
Example: The accident caused serious damage.
The act of bringing about a result.
Example: Causing harm can lead to liability.
A warning or caution.
Example: The contract included a caveat.
“Let the buyer beware.” Example: The sale followed the principle of caveat emptor.
Example: The sale followed the principle of caveat emptor.
The person to whom a caveat is directed.
Example: The caveatee was notified of the warning.
The person who issues a caveat.
Example: The caveator filed a notice with the court.
Certificate of deposit; a bank investment with fixed interest.
Example: She invested in a CD for savings.
Collateralized debt obligation.
Example: The bank traded a CDO.
A formal order or demand to stop doing a specific activity immediately.
The musician sent a cease and desist letter to the band using her song without permission.
A legal order to stop certain actions.
Example: The company received a cease-and-desist order.
To give up rights or property.
Example: The country agreed to cede the land.
Given up or transferred.
Example: The territory was ceded after the treaty.
The act of giving up something.
Example: Ceding control can affect ownership.
To examine and suppress information.
Example: The government attempted to censor the publication.
The act of suppressing information.
Example: The law raised concerns about censorship.
Formal disapproval.
Example: The official faced censure.
An official population count.
Example: The census is conducted every ten years.
A U.S. public health agency.
Example: The CDC issued new guidelines.
A U.S. agency managing health programs.
Example: The CMS oversees Medicare policies.
A national bank managing currency and monetary policy.
Example: The central bank adjusted interest rates.
A U.S. agency responsible for intelligence gathering.
Example: The CIA conducted the operation.
Chief Executive Officer of a company.
Example: The CEO announced the merger.
A federal law addressing hazardous waste cleanup.
Example: The site was regulated under CERCLA.
Short for certiorari.
Example: The Court granted cert.
An official document verifying something.
Example: He presented a certificate of ownership.
Authorization to operate a public service.
Example: The company obtained a certificate of convenience and necessity.
A bank investment with fixed interest and term.
Example: She opened a certificate of deposit.
A document creating a corporation.
Example: The business filed a certificate of incorporation.
A document allowing use of a building.
Example: The building received a certificate of occupancy.
A document proving ownership.
Example: The car came with a certificate of title.
Represented by a physical certificate.
Example: The shares were certificated.
A security represented by a certificate.
Example: The investor held a certificated security.
The act of issuing a certificate.
Example: Certificating documents requires approval.
Official verification of something.
Example: The product passed certification.
Relating to certification.
Example: The process was certificatory in nature.
Officially verified.
Example: The document was certified.
A bank-guaranteed check.
Example: The buyer used a certified check.
A legal question sent to a higher court.
Example: The case involved a certified question.
To officially confirm.
Example: The officer will certify the results.
The act of confirming officially.
Example: Certifying documents takes time.
An order by a higher court to review a case.
Example: The Supreme Court granted certiorari.
The act of giving up territory or rights.
Example: The treaty included a cession of land.
A person who benefits from a trust.
Example: The cestui received the benefits.
A beneficiary of a trust.
Example: The cestui que trust filed a claim.
A beneficiary of property held by another.
Example: The cestui que use had rights to the land.
Plural of cestui que trust.
Example: The cestuis que trust were notified.
Multiple beneficiaries of a trust.
Example: The cestuis que trustent shared the assets.
Compare; used in legal citations.
Example: Cf indicates a comparison to another case.
Code of Federal Regulations.
Example: The rule is found in the CFR.
A conspiracy where members depend on each other.
Example: The case involved a chain conspiracy.
A group of prisoners working together.
Example: The inmates were part of a chain gang.
The sequence linking actions to a result.
Example: The lawyer proved the chain of causation.
The documented history of who handled a piece of evidence from collection to trial.
The defense questioned the chain of custody because the blood sample had been unattended for hours.
The history of property ownership.
Example: The buyer reviewed the chain of title.
An objection to something in court.
Example: The lawyer raised a challenge.
Request to remove a juror for a specific reason.
Example: The attorney made a challenge for cause.
Objection to the entire jury panel.
Example: The defense filed a challenge to the array.
Objected to or disputed.
Example: The evidence was challenged.
The act of disputing something.
Example: Challenging evidence is common in trials.
A private room or a division of a court.
Example: The judge met in chambers.
A judges private office where meetings and paperwork happen outside the courtroom.
The judge called both lawyers into chambers to discuss settling the case.
Agreements involving sharing proceeds of litigation.
Example: The law restricts champerties.
Relating to or involving champerty.
Example: The agreement was considered champertous.
An agreement to finance a lawsuit for a share of proceeds.
Example: The contract was void due to champerty.
A judge in a court of equity.
Example: The chancellor issued the ruling.
A court dealing with equity matters.
Example: The case was heard in chancery.
Moving a trial to a different location.
Example: The defense requested a change of venue.
Bankruptcy allowing reorganization.
Example: The company filed Chapter 11.
Bankruptcy for family farmers or fishermen.
Example: The farmer filed Chapter 12.
Bankruptcy allowing debt repayment plans.
Example: She filed Chapter 13.
Bankruptcy involving liquidation.
Example: The debtor filed Chapter 7.
Bankruptcy for municipalities.
Example: The city entered Chapter 9.
Evidence about a person’s traits.
Example: Character evidence was introduced.
A person who testifies about someone’s character.
Example: The defense called a character witness.
A formal accusation or instruction by a judge.
Example: The defendant faced a charge.
Removal of a debt as uncollectible.
Example: The bank made a charge off.
Subject to being charged.
Example: The expense was chargeable.
Formally accused.
Example: He was charged with theft.
The act of accusing or billing.
Example: Charging fees must be disclosed.
A claim by a lawyer on a client’s recovery.
Example: The attorney filed a charging lien.
Related to charity or donations.
Example: The organization is charitable.
A tax deduction for donations.
Example: He claimed a charitable deduction.
Protection from liability for charities.
Example: The hospital claimed charitable immunity.
A trust giving income to charity first.
Example: The estate created a charitable lead trust.
Remaining assets given to charity after trust ends.
Example: The charitable remainder benefited a nonprofit.
A trust paying fixed income then donating remainder.
Example: She set up a charitable remainder annuity trust.
A trust providing income then donating remainder.
Example: The donor used a charitable remainder trust.
A trust paying variable income before donation.
Example: The unitrust adjusted payments annually.
A trust for charitable purposes.
Example: The funds were placed in a charitable trust.
Organizations for public benefit.
Example: Many charities received donations.
An organization or act of giving to help others.
Example: She donated to a charity.
A document establishing a corporation or entity.
Example: The city adopted a charter.
A contract for leasing a ship.
Example: The goods were shipped under a charter party.
Personal property.
Example: The items were considered chattel.
A loan secured by personal property.
Example: The car was under a chattel mortgage.
Documents showing a debt secured by property.
Example: The bank held the chattel paper.
Movable personal property.
Example: Furniture is chattel personal.
Leasehold interests in property.
Example: The lease was treated as chattel real.
Movable personal property.
Example: Furniture is considered chattels personal.
Interests in real property, like leases.
Example: The lease was treated as chattels real.
A written order directing a bank to pay money.
Example: She paid with a check.
To mark or approve something.
Example: The supervisor checked off the items.
Fraud using checks between accounts to create false funds.
Example: He was charged with check-kiting.
Automatic deduction from wages.
Example: The union used a checkoff system.
A place where inspections occur.
Example: The car stopped at a checkpoint.
System ensuring no branch of government has too much power.
Example: The Constitution created checks and balances.
The principal judge of a court.
Example: The chief judge assigned the case.
The head of a supreme court.
Example: The chief justice delivered the opinion.
The office of the chief justice.
Example: His chief justiceship lasted years.
A person under the age of majority.
Example: The law protects a child’s rights.
Harm or neglect of a child.
Example: The case involved child abuse.
The legal right to care for and make decisions about a child after separation or divorce.
The parents shared joint child custody, alternating weeks at each home.
Laws regulating work by minors.
Example: The factory violated child labor law.
Payments made to support a child.
Example: The court ordered child support.
Persons under the age of majority.
Example: The statute protects children.
To discourage activity or speech.
Example: The rule may chill free speech.
Discouragement of rights due to fear of legal consequences.
Example: The law created a chilling effect.
Fully formed or completed legally.
Example: The lien was choate.
A lien that is complete and enforceable.
Example: The creditor had a choate lien.
The state of being legally complete.
Example: The court examined choateness.
Defense claiming harm was done to prevent greater harm.
Example: He used a choice of evils defense.
Rules determining which jurisdiction’s law applies.
Example: The contract included a choice of law clause.
A place where stolen vehicles are dismantled.
Example: The police shut down a chop-shop.
A legal right to property.
Example: The asset was considered a chose.
A right to recover property through legal action.
Example: The claim was a chose in action.
Property physically held.
Example: The item was a chose in possession.
Excessive trading to generate commissions.
Example: The broker was accused of churn.
Confidential informant.
Example: The CI provided key information.
Central Intelligence Agency.
Example: The CIA conducted the investigation.
Criminal Investigation Division.
Example: The case was handled by CID.
A judicial district or region.
Example: The case was heard in the circuit.
A trial court of general jurisdiction.
Example: The case went to circuit court.
A judge in a circuit court.
Example: The circuit judge issued the ruling.
A Supreme Court justice assigned to a circuit.
Example: The circuit justice reviewed the appeal.
A condition or fact affecting a case.
Example: The circumstance influenced the outcome.
Based on indirect evidence.
Example: The proof was circumstantial.
Evidence suggesting a fact indirectly.
Example: The case relied on circumstantial evidence.
In an indirect manner.
Example: The fact was proven circumstantially.
A reference to a legal authority.
Example: The brief included a citation.
Relating to citations.
Example: The error was citational.
A tool listing case histories and references.
Example: The lawyer checked the citator.
To reference a legal source.
Example: The attorney cited precedent.
Referenced in legal writing.
Example: The case was cited often.
The act of referencing.
Example: Citing authority strengthens arguments.
A legally recognized member of a country.
Example: She is a citizen of the U.S.
A private individual providing information to police.
Example: A citizen informant reported the crime.
A lawsuit filed by a private person for public interest.
Example: The group filed a citizen suit.
A Supreme Court case on campaign finance.
Example: The ruling in Citizens United changed funding laws.
Legal status of belonging to a country.
Example: He applied for citizenship.
Detaining someone by a private individual.
Example: He made a citizen’s arrest.
A lawyer representing a city.
Example: The city attorney handled the case.
An official maintaining city records.
Example: The city clerk filed the document.
A governing body of a city.
Example: The city council passed the law.
A local court handling minor cases.
Example: The case was heard in city court.
A legal advisor to a city.
Example: The city solicitor reviewed the contract.
Relating to a city or citizens.
Example: Civic duties include voting.
Relating to non-criminal law.
Example: The dispute was civil.
Detention for a civil matter.
Example: The debtor faced civil arrest.
A wrongful act causing fear of harm.
Example: The victim filed for civil assault.
Court-ordered placement for treatment.
Example: He was placed under civil commitment.
Agreement to commit a wrongful act.
Example: The parties were accused of civil conspiracy.
Failure to comply with a court order.
Example: She was held in civil contempt.
A court handling non-criminal cases.
Example: The lawsuit was filed in civil court.
Law allowing recovery for alcohol-related harm.
Example: The bar was sued under a civil damage act.
Loss of civil rights.
Example: The conviction led to civil death.
Refusal to follow laws as protest.
Example: The protest involved civil disobedience.
Benefits derived from property.
Example: Rent is considered civil fruit.
Law dealing with private rights.
Example: The case involved civil law.
Legal responsibility for damages.
Example: He faced civil liability.
Law governing civil responsibility.
Example: The claim was under the Civil Liability Act.
Personal freedoms the government cannot take away, such as speech and religion.
Protesting peacefully outside city hall is protected by basic civil liberties.
Fundamental rights protected by law.
Example: Free speech is a civil liberty.
Legal control of property.
Example: She had civil possession of the land.
Rules governing civil court cases.
Example: The lawyer studied civil procedure.
Rights protecting individuals from discrimination.
Example: Voting is a civil right.
Legal protections against discrimination and unequal treatment by the government or others.
She filed a civil rights complaint after being denied housing because of her race.
Law prohibiting discrimination.
Example: The case cited the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Laws protecting civil rights.
Example: Several Civil Rights Acts were passed.
Supreme Court cases on civil rights.
Example: The Civil Rights Cases limited federal power.
Law governing public employment.
Example: Hiring followed the Civil Service Act.
A legally recognized relationship.
Example: The couple entered a civil union.
A non-military person.
Example: The law protects civilians.
In a civil or non-criminal manner.
Example: The issue was handled civilly.
Court of Claims.
Example: The case was filed in Cl. Ct.
A demand for a legal right or remedy.
Example: She filed a claim.
Action to recover personal property.
Example: He filed for claim and delivery.
Preventing relitigation of a claim.
Example: The case was barred by claim preclusion.
A person making a claim.
Example: The claimant sought damages.
Insurance covering claims made during the policy period.
Example: The firm had a claims made policy.
A group with shared legal interest.
Example: The plaintiffs formed a class.
A lawsuit brought by a group.
Example: The case became a class action.
A gift to a group in a will.
Example: The will included a class gift.
Another term for class action.
Example: They filed a class suit.
Grouping based on characteristics.
Example: The law used classification.
Relating to clauses.
Example: The issue was clausal in nature.
A section of a legal document.
Example: The clause limited liability.
Law regulating business practices.
Example: The case cited the Clayton Antitrust Act.
Continuing Legal Education.
Example: Lawyers must complete CLE.
Free from legal wrongdoing or defects.
Example: The title was clean.
A federal law regulating air pollution.
Example: The factory violated the Clean Air Act.
A bill without amendments or conditions.
Example: The proposal passed as a clean bill.
A shipping document stating goods were received in good condition.
Example: The shipment came with a clean bill of lading.
The principle that a party must act fairly to seek relief.
Example: The plaintiff must come with clean hands.
A rule denying relief to those acting unfairly.
Example: The claim was denied under the clean hands doctrine.
A court’s ability to resolve all related issues in a case.
Example: The judge used the clean-up doctrine.
Free from doubt or ambiguity.
Example: The rule was clear.
A high level of proof required in some cases.
Example: The evidence must be clear and convincing.
Evidence showing a claim is highly probable.
Example: The court required clear and convincing evidence.
A standard for limiting speech that poses immediate harm.
Example: The speech created a clear and present danger.
A mistake that is obvious and affects the outcome.
Example: The decision was reversed for clear error.
Ownership free of disputes or liens.
Example: The buyer received clear title.
An organization that facilitates financial transactions.
Example: The bank used a clearinghouse.
A standard for overturning findings on appeal.
Example: The ruling was not clearly erroneous.
Acts of mercy or leniency.
Example: Several clemencies were granted.
Mercy shown by a court or authority.
Example: The governor granted clemency.
A court official managing records.
Example: The clerk filed the document.
A position assisting a judge.
Example: She secured a clerkship.
A fund compensating clients for attorney misconduct.
Example: The victim applied to the client security fund.
A trust transferring income for a limited time.
Example: The estate used a Clifford trust.
Collateralized loan obligation.
Example: The bank invested in a CLO.
To finalize a transaction or case.
Example: The parties agreed to close the deal.
A corporation with few shareholders.
Example: The business is a close corporation.
Not open or finalized.
Example: The case is closed.
A workplace requiring union membership.
Example: The company operated a closed shop.
Having a fixed number of shares.
Example: The fund is closed-end.
Owned by a small group of people.
Example: The firm is closely held.
A corporation with limited shareholders.
Example: It is a closely held corporation.
Final step in completing a transaction.
Example: The closing took place today.
Final statement by attorneys in a trial.
Example: The lawyer delivered a strong closing argument.
Procedure to end debate in a legislative body.
Example: The Senate voted for cloture.
A claim or issue affecting property ownership.
Example: The lien created a cloud on title.
Collateralized mortgage obligation.
Example: The investor purchased a CMO.
Company.
Example: The contract was with XYZ Co.
Commanding officer or corrections officer.
Example: The CO supervised the unit.
With or jointly.
Example: They acted as co-owners.
A person involved in a conspiracy.
Example: The co-conspirator testified.
A lawyer working with another lawyer on a case.
Example: She served as co-counsel.
A person who commits a felony with another.
Example: The co-felon was also charged.
A person jointly responsible for a debt.
Example: The co-maker signed the loan.
A person sharing ownership.
Example: She is a co-owner of the property.
Law allowing continuation of health insurance after job loss.
Example: She used COBRA benefits.
Cash on delivery.
Example: The shipment was COD.
A system of laws or regulations.
Example: The statute is part of the code.
A civil law code, especially in France.
Example: The case referenced the Code Civil.
The French civil law system.
Example: The law is based on the Code Napoleon.
Federal rules and regulations.
Example: The rule is in the Code of Federal Regulations.
A collection of Roman laws.
Example: The Code of Justinian influenced modern law.
A system requiring detailed legal claims.
Example: The case followed code pleading rules.
A person jointly responsible for a debt.
Example: The codebtor shared liability.
A defendant tried with another.
Example: The codefendant pleaded guilty.
An addition or amendment to a will.
Example: The will included a codicil.
The process of organizing laws into a code.
Example: The statute resulted from codification.
Organized into a legal code.
Example: The law was codified.
To arrange laws systematically.
Example: The legislature aimed to codify rules.
The act of organizing laws.
Example: Codifying laws improves clarity.
To force someone to act.
Example: He was accused of trying to coerce a witness.
Forced or pressured.
Example: The confession was coerced.
The act of forcing someone.
Example: Coercing testimony is illegal.
The use of force or threats.
Example: The contract was void due to coercion.
Involving force or pressure.
Example: The tactic was coercive.
Capable of being recognized by a court.
Example: The claim was legally cognizable.
Legal awareness or jurisdiction.
Example: The court took cognizance of the issue.
A clause allowing judgment without trial.
Example: The contract included a cognovit clause.
A judgment entered without notice or hearing.
Example: The lender obtained a cognovit judgment.
A note containing a confession of judgment.
Example: He signed a cognovit note.
To live together.
Example: The couple agreed to cohabit.
Living together as partners.
Example: The case involved cohabitation rights.
A person who inherits jointly with others.
Example: She was a coheir to the estate.
Shared insurance responsibility between parties.
Example: The policy required coinsurance.
To share insurance coverage.
Example: The companies agreed to coinsure.
An insurer sharing risk with others.
Example: The coinsurer covered part of the loss.
Cost-of-living adjustment.
Example: The salary included a COLA.
Lack of emotion in committing an act.
Example: The crime was committed in cold blood.
Done without emotion or mercy.
Example: It was a cold-blooded act.
A person receiving a gift with others in a will.
Example: The siblings were colegatees.
To work jointly with others.
Example: The firms agreed to collaborate.
Worked together.
Example: The parties collaborated on the deal.
Working jointly.
Example: Collaborating improved the outcome.
To gather and organize information.
Example: The clerk collated the documents.
Organized or arranged.
Example: The records were collated.
Property pledged as security for a loan.
Example: The house was used as collateral.
A side agreement related to a main contract.
Example: The parties signed a collateral agreement.
An attempt to undermine a judgment in a separate proceeding.
Example: The motion was a collateral attack.
Prevents relitigation of an issue already decided.
Example: The claim was barred by collateral estoppel.
A fact not directly related to the main issue.
Example: The detail was a collateral fact.
Fraud related but not central to a case.
Example: The court examined collateral fraud.
A mortgage securing future obligations.
Example: The loan used a collateral mortgage.
Negligence occurring in a related matter.
Example: The case involved collateral negligence.
A note secured by collateral.
Example: The borrower signed a collateral note.
Allows appeal of certain decisions before final judgment.
Example: The appeal was allowed under the collateral order doctrine.
Authority related to a main power.
Example: The agency exercised collateral power.
A legal action separate from the main case.
Example: The issue was raised in a collateral proceeding.
A secondary promise to answer for another’s debt.
Example: He made a collateral promise to pay.
Prevents reducing damages due to outside compensation.
Example: Insurance payments did not affect damages due to the collateral source rule.
To secure a loan with assets.
Example: The borrower agreed to collateralize the debt.
Secured by assets.
Example: The loan was collateralized.
A financial product backed by debt.
Example: The bank issued a collateralized debt obligation.
A security backed by loans.
Example: The firm invested in a collateralized loan obligation.
A mortgage-backed security.
Example: The investor purchased a collateralized mortgage obligation.
The act of securing with assets.
Example: Collateralizing reduces risk.
Indirectly or as a side matter.
Example: The issue was addressed collaterally.
Gathering and organizing information.
Example: She was collating the case files.
The act of collecting and arranging documents.
Example: The collation of evidence took hours.
A bank that processes payments for another bank.
Example: The check was handled by a collecting bank.
A method of collecting debts through sworn statements.
Example: The creditor used collection by affidavit.
Relating to a group acting together.
Example: The decision was collective.
Negotiation between employers and workers.
Example: The union engaged in collective bargaining.
A representative negotiating for workers.
Example: The union served as the collective bargaining agent.
A contract between employer and union.
Example: The agreement set wages and hours.
A group of employees represented together.
Example: The workers formed a bargaining unit.
A trademark used by members of an organization.
Example: The association used a collective mark.
As a group.
Example: The employees acted collectively.
A formal discussion or legal allegation section.
Example: The complaint included a colloquium.
A formal conversation in court.
Example: The judge held a colloquy with the defendant.
To secretly cooperate for unlawful purposes.
Example: The parties were accused of colluding.
Secretly cooperated unlawfully.
Example: They colluded to fix prices.
Secret cooperation.
Example: Colluding violates antitrust laws.
Secret agreement to deceive or defraud.
Example: The case involved collusion.
Involving collusion.
Example: The contract was collusive.
Joining parties to manipulate jurisdiction.
Example: The court rejected collusive joinder.
A rule deferring disputes to arbitration.
Example: The case was dismissed under the Collyer Doctrine.
Appearance or semblance of legality.
Example: The claim had no color of law.
Authority misused by an official.
Example: He acted under color of office.
A claim to ownership based on defective title.
Example: The land was held under color of title.
Appearing valid but possibly deceptive.
Example: The argument was colorable.
In a seemingly valid manner.
Example: The claim was colorably sufficient.
Doctrine allowing courts to decline jurisdiction.
Example: The court applied Colorado River abstention.
A group acting together, often in business.
Example: The companies formed a combination.
An agreement limiting competition.
Example: The contract was a restraint of trade.
To issue a decision.
Example: The ruling will come down tomorrow.
To present evidence or testimony.
Example: Witnesses were asked to come forward.
To persuade or influence.
Example: The offer was meant to come on investors.
The act of issuing a decision.
Example: The judgment is coming down soon.
Mutual respect between legal systems.
Example: The court followed principles of comity.
Recognition of foreign laws by courts.
Example: The case relied on comity of nations.
Constitutional provision giving military authority to the president.
Example: The power comes from the commander-in-chief clause.
A statement or note on a legal matter.
Example: The judge made a comment.
Trade or business activities.
Example: The law regulates commerce.
Constitutional power to regulate interstate trade.
Example: Congress acted under the commerce clause.
Authority to regulate trade.
Example: The law relied on commerce power.
Relating to business.
Example: The dispute was commercial.
A bank providing financial services.
Example: The funds were held in a commercial bank.
False statements harming a business.
Example: The company sued for commercial disparagement.
When a contract loses purpose due to events.
Example: The contract ended due to commercial frustration.
When performance becomes extremely difficult.
Example: The defense claimed commercial impracticability.
Law governing business transactions.
Example: She studied commercial law.
A bank guarantee of payment.
Example: The deal used a commercial letter of credit.
Short-term unsecured debt instruments.
Example: The company issued commercial paper.
A business partnership.
Example: They formed a commercial partnership.
Speech promoting business interests.
Example: The ad was considered commercial speech.
A unit treated as a whole in transactions.
Example: The goods formed a commercial unit.
In a business-related manner.
Example: The product was used commercially.
Fair and appropriate in business context.
Example: The actions were commercially reasonable.
To mix funds improperly.
Example: The lawyer cannot commingle funds.
Mixed together.
Example: The accounts were commingled.
Mixing funds improperly.
Example: Commingling violates ethics rules.
A fee or authority granted.
Example: The agent earned a commission.
An official with administrative authority.
Example: The commissioner issued the order.
To carry out or assign.
Example: He committed the crime.
A court order or obligation.
Example: The patient was under commitment.
Carried out or assigned.
Example: The act was committed knowingly.
A group assigned to a task.
Example: The committee reviewed the bill.
A legislative body acting as one committee.
Example: The assembly met as a committee of the whole.
The act of carrying out.
Example: Committing fraud is illegal.
A loan of property to be returned.
Example: The item was given under commodatum.
Goods traded in markets.
Example: Oil is among commodities.
A basic good used in commerce.
Example: Wheat is a commodity.
U.S. agency regulating futures markets.
Example: The case involved the CFTC.
Shared or general.
Example: The issue was common.
A business transporting goods or people.
Example: The airline is a common carrier.
A shared right to use property.
Example: The neighbors had a common easement.
Law developed through court decisions.
Example: The rule comes from common law.
An act affecting the public.
Example: The activity was a common nuisance.
A trial court of general jurisdiction.
Example: The case was filed in Common Pleas.
Property shared by multiple owners.
Example: The land was common property.
Shares representing ownership in a company.
Example: Investors bought common stock.
A pooled investment managed by a bank.
Example: The assets were in a common trust fund.
Based on judicial decisions.
Example: It is a common-law rule.
Copyright protection under common law.
Example: The work had common-law copyright.
A lien recognized by common law.
Example: The mechanic claimed a common-law lien.
Marriage without formal ceremony.
Example: They claimed common-law marriage.
A trust created under common law.
Example: The estate used a common-law trust.
A state or political community.
Example: Virginia is a commonwealth.
A court handling government-related cases.
Example: The appeal went to Commonwealth Court.
Exchange of information.
Example: Clear communication is essential.
Law regulating telecommunications.
Example: The statute is part of the Communications Act of 1934.
Relating to communication.
Example: The act was communicative.
Evidence expressing ideas or statements.
Example: The statement was communicative evidence.
Groups of people living together.
Example: The law affects communities.
A group sharing common characteristics.
Example: The decision impacted the community.
An officer working closely with the public.
Example: The community police officer built trust.
Law enforcement strategy focused on community relationships.
Example: The city adopted community policing.
Property owned jointly by spouses.
Example: The house was community property.
Monitoring offenders outside jail.
Example: He was placed under community supervision.
Reduction of a sentence.
Example: The governor granted commutation.
Relating to mutual exchange.
Example: The agreement was commutative.
A contract with equal exchange of value.
Example: The sale was a commutative contract.
To reduce a sentence or penalty.
Example: The governor may commute the sentence.
Reduced a sentence or penalty.
Example: The sentence was commuted.
The act of reducing a penalty.
Example: Commuting sentences is an executive power.
Business organizations.
Example: Several companies merged.
A case related to another case.
Example: The court heard a companion case.
A business entity.
Example: The company filed a lawsuit.
A union influenced by an employer.
Example: The law restricts company unions.
Equal pay for work of equal value.
Example: The policy promotes comparable worth.
Based on comparison.
Example: The analysis was comparative.
Allocation of fault among parties.
Example: The damages were reduced by comparative fault.
Study of different legal systems.
Example: She studied comparative law.
Reducing damages based on shared fault.
Example: The court applied comparative negligence.
In a relative manner.
Example: The risk was comparatively low.
To force someone legally.
Example: The court can compel testimony.
Forced legally.
Example: He was compelled to appear.
Strong or persuasive.
Example: The argument was compelling.
A necessary government reason to limit rights.
Example: The law required a compelling state interest.
Eligible for compensation.
Example: The injury was compensable.
To provide payment for loss.
Example: The victim was compensated.
Received payment for loss.
Example: She was compensated fully.
Transfer of property for a fee.
Example: The storage agreement was a compensated bailment.
Providing payment.
Example: The company is compensating victims.
Payment for loss or injury.
Example: He received compensation.
Intended to make up for loss.
Example: The damages were compensatory.
Money awarded for actual loss.
Example: The jury awarded compensatory damages.
Ability to perform legally.
Example: The witness’s competence was questioned.
Legal ability to participate in proceedings.
Example: The court evaluated competency.
Legally qualified or capable.
Example: The witness was competent.
Evidence admissible in court.
Example: The claim required competent evidence.
A collection of materials or data.
Example: The book is a compilation of cases.
To express a grievance.
Example: She complained to the court.
A person who brings a complaint.
Example: The complainant filed charges.
The initial legal document in a lawsuit.
Example: The complaint outlined the claims.
A defense that fully defeats a claim.
Example: Self-defense may be a complete defense.
All parties are from different states.
Example: The court required complete diversity.
Full legal restriction of rights.
Example: The ruling imposed complete interdiction.
A gift that has been fully transferred.
Example: The transfer was a completed gift.
A guarantee a project will be finished.
Example: The film had a completion bond.
A trust that distributes income and principal.
Example: The estate created a complex trust.
Following laws or rules.
Example: The company ensured compliance.
A piece of a larger product.
Example: The defect was in a component part.
Of sound mind.
Example: The testator was compos mentis.
Agreement to settle debts.
Example: The debtor reached a composition.
To settle a claim.
Example: The parties agreed to compound the dispute.
Interest calculated on principal and prior interest.
Example: The loan accrued compound interest.
Complete or thorough.
Example: The policy was comprehensive.
Federal law addressing hazardous waste cleanup.
Example: The case involved CERCLA.
Insurance covering various liabilities.
Example: The company had general liability insurance.
A settlement between parties.
Example: The dispute ended in compromise.
A historical set of laws balancing slave and free states.
Example: The Compromise of 1850 addressed tensions.
A verdict where jurors settle differences.
Example: The jury reached a compromise verdict.
Settled or weakened.
Example: The claim was compromised.
Settling or weakening.
Example: Compromising resolved the case.
An official overseeing finances.
Example: The comptroller audited the accounts.
Head of a government auditing agency.
Example: The comptroller general issued a report.
U.S. official regulating national banks.
Example: The OCC oversees banks.
Force or pressure.
Example: The act was done under compulsion.
By force of law.
Example: Attendance was compulsorily required.
Required by law.
Example: Voting is compulsory in some countries.
Required inclusion of parties in a lawsuit.
Example: The rule required compulsory joinder.
The right to obtain witnesses.
Example: The defendant used compulsory process.
Unauthorized access to a computer system.
Example: He was charged with computer trespass.
To hide something.
Example: He tried to conceal evidence.
The act of hiding information.
Example: The case involved concealment.
Joint action leading to liability.
Example: The defendants acted in concert of action.
Planned together.
Example: The action was concerted.
Group actions by employees.
Example: The workers engaged in concerted activities.
Collective employee action.
Example: The law protects concerted activity.
A voluntary giving up of a claim.
Example: The lawyer made a concession.
Resolving disputes through negotiation.
Example: The parties chose conciliation.
A person helping resolve disputes.
Example: The conciliator mediated the case.
A final decision or judgment.
Example: The court reached a conclusion.
A factual determination by a court.
Example: The judge made a conclusion of fact.
A legal determination by a court.
Example: The ruling included a conclusion of law.
Stating a conclusion without facts.
Example: The claim was conclusionary.
Final and decisive.
Example: The evidence was conclusive.
A presumption that cannot be challenged.
Example: The law created a conclusive presumption.
In a final manner.
Example: The issue was conclusively resolved.
The quality of being final.
Example: The conclusiveness of the ruling ended debate.
Lacking supporting facts.
Example: The statement was conclusory.
Living together without marriage.
Example: The case involved concubinage.
To agree.
Example: The judges concurred.
Agreed.
Example: She concurred with the opinion.
Agreement or a separate opinion.
Example: The justice wrote a concurrence.
Occurring at the same time.
Example: The powers are concurrent.
Multiple causes leading to a result.
Example: The injury had a concurrent cause.
Conditions that must occur together.
Example: The contract required a concurrent condition.
Authority shared by multiple courts.
Example: The case had concurrent jurisdiction.
Power shared by federal and state governments.
Example: Taxation is a concurrent power.
A legislative measure not requiring executive approval.
Example: Congress passed a concurrent resolution.
Sentences served at the same time.
Example: He received a concurrent sentence.
At the same time.
Example: The sentences ran concurrently.
Agreeing or happening together.
Example: The judge wrote a concurring opinion.
A cause contributing to a result.
Example: The accident had a concurring cause.
An opinion agreeing with the result but for different reasons.
Example: The justice wrote a concurring opinion.
To declare property taken for public use or to express strong disapproval.
Example: The government condemned the land.
Deserving condemnation.
Example: The act was condemnable.
Taking of property for public use.
Example: The land was subject to condemnation.
The property owner whose land is taken.
Example: The condemnee challenged the action.
The authority taking property.
Example: The state acted as the condemner.
The authority that takes property through condemnation.
Example: The state acted as the condemnor.
A requirement that must be met.
Example: The contract included a condition.
A requirement assumed by law.
Example: The contract included a condition implied in law.
A condition that must occur before something else.
Example: Payment was a condition precedent.
A condition that can end an obligation.
Example: The contract included a condition subsequent.
Dependent on a condition.
Example: The offer was conditional.
Transfer that depends on a condition.
Example: The deed was a conditional delivery.
Payment depending on a result.
Example: The lawyer worked on a conditional fee.
A duty dependent on an event.
Example: The payment was a conditional obligation.
Protection for statements made in certain contexts.
Example: The statement had conditional privilege.
Sale where ownership depends on payment.
Example: The car was sold under a conditional sale.
Land use allowed under specific conditions.
Example: The permit allowed conditional use.
A will effective only if a condition occurs.
Example: The document was a conditional will.
Subject to a condition.
Example: The agreement was accepted conditionally.
A statement protected unless abused.
Example: The comment was conditionally privileged communication.
Subject to requirements.
Example: The approval was conditioned.
Setting requirements.
Example: The agreement involved conditioning approval.
Individually owned unit within shared property.
Example: She bought a condominium.
Multiple condo units.
Example: The building has many condominiums.
Forgiving a legal offense.
Example: The act was considered condonation.
To forgive or overlook wrongdoing.
Example: The court will not condone misconduct.
Forgave wrongdoing.
Example: The behavior was not condoned.
The act of forgiving.
Example: Condoning actions can affect liability.
Behavior or actions.
Example: His conduct was questioned.
A person receiving property or rights.
Example: The conferee accepted the transfer.
A meeting to discuss legal matters.
Example: The judge held a conference.
A group resolving legislative differences.
Example: The bill went to a conference committee.
To admit guilt.
Example: The suspect chose to confess.
An admission of wrongdoing.
Example: The case relied on a confession.
Admitting facts but presenting a defense.
Example: The defense used confession and avoidance.
Agreement allowing judgment without trial.
Example: He signed a confession of judgment.
A person who admits wrongdoing.
Example: The confessor gave a statement.
Private and protected information.
Example: The file was confidential.
Information shared privately and protected.
Example: Attorney-client talks are confidential communication.
A relationship involving trust and reliance.
Example: The parties had a confidential relationship.
The obligation to keep information private.
Example: The lawyer must maintain confidentiality.
In a private manner.
Example: The information was shared confidentially.
To restrict or limit.
Example: The order will confine movement.
Restricted or limited.
Example: He was confined to his home.
Restriction of movement.
Example: The sentence included confinement.
The act of restricting.
Example: Confining someone without cause is unlawful.
To verify or approve.
Example: The court will confirm the decision.
Approval or verification.
Example: The judge issued confirmation.
A proceeding to approve an appointment.
Example: The nominee attended a confirmation hearing.
To seize property by authority.
Example: The police confiscated the goods.
Seized by authority.
Example: The items were confiscated.
The act of seizing.
Example: Confiscating property requires authority.
The seizure of property.
Example: The law allowed confiscation.
One who seizes property.
Example: The government acted as confiscator.
Involving seizure of property.
Example: The tax was considered confiscatory.
A situation where interests interfere with duties.
Example: The lawyer disclosed a conflict of interest.
Rules for deciding which law applies.
Example: The case involved conflict of laws.
To comply with rules.
Example: The contract must conform to law.
Compliance with standards.
Example: The product met conformance requirements.
Agreement with rules or standards.
Example: The actions showed conformity.
To face or challenge.
Example: The witness was confronted.
Direct facing or challenge.
Example: The case involved confrontation.
Right to face witnesses in court.
Example: The defendant relied on the confrontation clause.
Mixing or uncertainty.
Example: The evidence caused confusion.
Congress.
Example: The law was passed by Cong.
A large corporation with diverse businesses.
Example: The company became a conglomerate.
The U.S. legislative body.
Example: Congress passed the law.
Relating to Congress.
Example: The hearing was congressional.
An area represented by a member of Congress.
Example: She represents this congressional district.
Official record of congressional proceedings.
Example: The speech appears in the Congressional Record.
By action of Congress.
Example: The rule was congressionally approved.
A male member of Congress.
Example: The congressman spoke.
Multiple male members of Congress.
Example: The congressmen voted.
Members of Congress.
Example: Several congresspeople attended.
A member of Congress.
Example: The congressperson proposed the bill.
A female member of Congress.
Example: The congresswoman voted.
Multiple female members of Congress.
Example: The congresswomen spoke.
Joint or shared.
Example: The ownership was conjoint.
A gift left to multiple people.
Example: The will included a conjoint legacy.
Together or jointly.
Example: They acted conjointly.
Relating to marriage.
Example: The issue involved conjugal rights.
Rights arising from marriage.
Example: The case concerned conjugal rights.
Secret cooperation in wrongdoing.
Example: The act involved connivance.
To secretly cooperate.
Example: They connived to commit fraud.
Secretly cooperated.
Example: The parties connived together.
Secret cooperation.
Example: Conniving is unlawful.
Related by blood.
Example: They are consanguine relatives.
Sharing a common ancestor.
Example: The heirs were consanguineous.
By blood relation.
Example: They were related consanguineously.
Blood relationship.
Example: The case involved consanguinity.
Moral sense of right and wrong.
Example: The decision followed conscience.
Refusal based on moral beliefs.
Example: He claimed conscientious objection.
A person refusing duties for moral reasons.
Example: He was a conscientious objector.
Fairness of a contract.
Example: The court examined conscionability.
Fair and reasonable.
Example: The terms were conscionable.
Following one after another.
Example: The sentences were consecutive.
Sentences served one after another.
Example: He received a consecutive sentence.
In sequence.
Example: The terms run consecutively.
Based on agreement.
Example: The act was consensual.
Agreement on the same terms.
Example: The contract required consensus ad idem.
Agreement or permission.
Example: The search required consent.
A court order agreed upon by parties.
Example: The case ended with a consent decree.
A judgment agreed upon by parties.
Example: The dispute ended in a consent judgment.
Jurisdiction accepted by agreement.
Example: The parties agreed to consent jurisdiction.
A court order agreed upon by the parties.
Example: The case ended with a consent order.
A search conducted with permission.
Example: The officer performed a consent search.
A person who gives consent.
Example: The consenter approved the action.
Resulting from an action.
Example: The damages were consequential.
Losses resulting indirectly from an act.
Example: The plaintiff sought consequential damages.
Indirect loss caused by an event.
Example: The contract excluded consequential loss.
A restriction to preserve land.
Example: The land was protected by a conservation easement.
A person appointed to manage another’s affairs.
Example: The court appointed a conservator.
Legal control over another’s affairs.
Example: She was placed under conservatorship.
Something of value exchanged in a contract.
Example: The contract lacked consideration.
To deliver goods to another for sale.
Example: The goods were consigned to a dealer.
The person receiving goods.
Example: The consignee accepted delivery.
Delivery of goods for sale.
Example: The shipment was a consignment.
The person sending goods.
Example: The consignor shipped the items.
To combine cases or matters.
Example: The court may consolidate the actions.
Combined together.
Example: The cases were consolidated.
The act of combining.
Example: Consolidating cases saves time.
The act of combining cases.
Example: The judge ordered consolidation.
Groups formed for a common purpose.
Example: Several consortia funded the project.
A group working together.
Example: The firms formed a consortium.
Multiple consortiums.
Example: The consortiums collaborated.
Agreements to commit unlawful acts.
Example: The charges included conspiracies.
An agreement to commit a crime.
Example: He was charged with conspiracy.
A person involved in a conspiracy.
Example: The conspirator testified.
Relating to conspiracy.
Example: The tone was conspiratorial.
In a secretive or conspiratorial manner.
Example: They spoke conspiratorially.
To plan secretly.
Example: They conspired to commit fraud.
Planned secretly.
Example: The group conspired together.
Secret planning.
Example: Conspiring is illegal.
A law enforcement officer.
Example: The constable served the warrant.
Groups represented by officials.
Example: The law affected many constituencies.
A group represented politically.
Example: The senator serves her constituency.
A person represented by an official.
Example: The constituent wrote a letter.
To form or establish.
Example: These elements constitute a contract.
A system of fundamental laws.
Example: The Constitution protects rights.
Relating to a constitution.
Example: The issue was constitutional.
A court reviewing constitutional matters.
Example: The case went to a constitutional court.
A fact relevant to constitutional issues.
Example: The court examined constitutional fact.
Protection under constitutional law.
Example: The official claimed constitutional immunity.
Law dealing with constitutional issues.
Example: She studies constitutional law.
Whether something follows the constitution.
Example: The court reviewed constitutionality.
In accordance with the constitution.
Example: The law was constitutionally valid.
Interpretation of legal language.
Example: The court applied strict construction.
A loan for building projects.
Example: The developer obtained a construction mortgage.
Implied by law.
Example: The court found constructive notice.
Bailment created by law.
Example: The situation created a constructive bailment.
A condition implied by law.
Example: The agreement had a constructive condition.
Contempt outside the court’s presence.
Example: He was charged with constructive contempt.
An obligation imposed by law.
Example: The court recognized a constructive contract.
Legal control without physical restraint.
Example: He remained in constructive custody.
Transfer of ownership without physical delivery.
Example: The deed was constructive delivery.
Forcing a spouse to leave.
Example: The claim involved constructive desertion.
Forcing an employee to resign.
Example: She sued for constructive discharge.
A benefit treated as a dividend.
Example: The payment was a constructive dividend.
Landlord’s actions forcing tenant to leave.
Example: The tenant claimed constructive eviction.
Force implied by circumstances.
Example: The act involved constructive force.
Fraud inferred by law.
Example: The court found constructive fraud.
Intent implied by actions.
Example: The judge inferred constructive intent.
Knowledge the law assumes a person has.
Example: He had constructive knowledge of the rule.
Notice implied by law.
Example: Filing provided constructive notice.
Control without physical possession.
Example: He had constructive possession.
Income considered received for tax purposes.
Example: The funds were constructive receipt.
Service of process without direct delivery.
Example: The court allowed constructive service.
Loss where repair is impractical.
Example: The ship was a constructive total loss.
A trust imposed to prevent unjust enrichment.
Example: The court created a constructive trust.
By implication of law.
Example: The property was constructively transferred.
A government representative abroad.
Example: The consul assisted citizens.
Relating to a consul.
Example: The issue was consular.
Office of a consul.
Example: The visa was issued at the consulate.
The office or term of a consul.
Example: His consulship lasted years.
A person who buys goods or services.
Example: The law protects the consumer.
Credit for personal use.
Example: She used consumer credit.
Debt from personal purchases.
Example: He accumulated consumer debt.
U.S. agency protecting consumers financially.
Example: The CFPB issued new rules.
Products for personal use.
Example: The store sells consumer goods.
Lease for personal use.
Example: The agreement was a consumer lease.
Measure of inflation.
Example: The CPI increased.
Law ensuring product safety.
Example: The case involved the Consumer Product Safety Act.
Agency regulating product safety.
Example: The CPSC issued a recall.
A person who shows contempt.
Example: The contemner was fined.
A person held in contempt of court.
Example: The contemnor was punished.
Disrespect toward the court.
Example: He was charged with contempt.
Disobeying or disrespecting the court.
Example: She was held in contempt of court.
To challenge something legally.
Example: He filed a contest to the will.
A person challenging something.
Example: The contestant disputed the result.
Possible future events.
Example: The contract listed contingencies.
An uncertain future event.
Example: The deal depended on a contingency.
A fee based on case outcome.
Example: The lawyer worked on contingency fee.
Dependent on an event.
Example: The payment was contingent.
An annuity dependent on a condition.
Example: The plan included a contingent annuity.
A backup beneficiary.
Example: She was the contingent beneficiary.
An estate depending on a condition.
Example: The property was a contingent estate.
Same as contingency fee.
Example: The case used a contingent fee.
An interest dependent on an event.
Example: He had a contingent interest.
A possible future obligation.
Example: The company disclosed contingent liability.
A future interest dependent on a condition.
Example: The will created a contingent remainder.
Postponement of a court proceeding.
Example: The lawyer requested a continuance.
To delay or proceed.
Example: The case will continue.
Postponed or ongoing.
Example: The hearing was continued.
Ongoing or extending.
Example: The violation was continuing.
Ongoing unlawful interference with property.
Example: The issue was a continuing trespass.
Against or in opposition to.
Example: The argument was contra the statute.
Against public morals.
Example: The agreement was contra bonos mores.
Illegal goods.
Example: The officers seized contraband.
Items illegal to possess in any circumstance.
Example: Drugs are contraband per se.
A legally binding agreement.
Example: The parties signed a contract.
A guarantee that a contract will be fulfilled.
Example: The builder obtained a contract bond.
A carrier serving specific clients.
Example: The company operated as a contract carrier.
Constitutional provision protecting contracts from state interference.
Example: The law violated the contract clause.
Agreement to transfer property after payments.
Example: The buyer used a contract for deed.
Agreement inferred from actions.
Example: Their conduct created a contract implied in fact.
Obligation imposed by law.
Example: The court found a contract implied in law.
A standard-form contract offered without negotiation.
Example: The insurance policy was a contract of adhesion.
A formal contract with a seal.
Example: The agreement was a contract under seal.
A person hired to perform work.
Example: The contractor completed the project.
Relating to a contract.
Example: The obligation was contractual.
According to a contract.
Example: The duty was contractually required.
To give or provide.
Example: He contributed funds.
Gave or provided.
Example: She contributed to the cause.
Helping to cause.
Example: His actions were contributing factors.
Payment toward a shared obligation.
Example: He sought contribution from others.
Helping to cause.
Example: The factor was contributory.
Shared responsibility for harm.
Example: The jury found contributory fault.
Negligence that prevents recovery.
Example: The claim failed due to contributory negligence.
Power to direct or manage.
Example: She had control over the assets.
Regulated or managed.
Example: The substance is controlled.
A regulated drug.
Example: He was charged with possessing a controlled substance.
A person managing finances.
Example: The controller reviewed accounts.
Having authority.
Example: She held a controlling interest.
Majority ownership or power.
Example: He acquired a controlling interest.
Causing dispute.
Example: The decision was controversial.
Disputes or disagreements.
Example: The case raised controversies.
A legal dispute.
Example: The court resolved the controversy.
Willfully disobedient to court authority.
Example: The behavior was contumacious.
Refusal to obey authority.
Example: The judge cited contumacy.
A formal agreement or meeting.
Example: The nations signed a convention.
Based on tradition or agreement.
Example: The method was conventional.
A fixed periodic payment.
Example: The plan included a conventional annuity.
A standard loan not backed by government.
Example: He applied for a conventional loan.
A standard home loan.
Example: The house was financed by a conventional mortgage.
A duty created by agreement.
Example: The debt was a conventional obligation.
Unauthorized taking of property.
Example: The claim involved conversion.
To change form or ownership.
Example: He converted the funds.
One who converts property.
Example: The converter was liable.
Capable of being changed.
Example: The bond is convertible.
A bond that can be turned into stock.
Example: The investor bought a convertible bond.
A security that can be converted.
Example: The company issued a convertible security.
To transfer property.
Example: The deed conveys ownership.
Transfer of property.
Example: The conveyance was recorded.
A person handling property transfers.
Example: The conveyancer prepared documents.
The legal process of transferring property.
Example: She works in conveyancing.
Transferred property.
Example: The land was conveyed.
The person receiving property.
Example: The conveyee accepted title.
Transferring property.
Example: Conveying land requires a deed.
One who transfers property.
Example: The conveyor signed the deed.
To find guilty of a crime or a person found guilty.
Example: The jury chose to convict.
A finding of guilt.
Example: The conviction was upheld.
Calm or unemotional.
Example: He remained cool during questioning.
Acting without passion or provocation.
Example: The act occurred in a cool state of blood.
Time to calm emotions.
Example: The law considered cooling time.
Time allowed to cancel a contract.
Example: The buyer used the cooling-off period.
A business owned by its members.
Example: The store is a cooperative.
A bank owned by its members.
Example: The loan came from a cooperative bank.
Insurance rule preventing duplicate payments.
Example: The policy included coordination of benefits.
Joint inheritance relationships.
Example: The estate involved coparcenaries.
Joint inheritance by heirs.
Example: The land was held in coparcenary.
A joint heir.
Example: Each coparcener had rights.
A party on the same side in a case.
Example: The coparty supported the claim.
A plaintiff joining another.
Example: She was a coplaintiff.
Legal protection for creative works.
Example: The author owns the copyright.
U.S. law governing copyright.
Example: The claim relied on the Copyright Act of 1976.
Eligibility for copyright protection.
Example: The work’s copyrightability was debated.
Eligible for copyright protection.
Example: The material is copyrightable.
A court’s correction of its own error.
Example: He filed for coram nobis relief.
A central matter in bankruptcy court.
Example: The issue was a core proceeding.
A person accused of involvement in a divorce case.
Example: The corespondent was named.
An official investigating deaths.
Example: The coroner examined the body.
Bodies of legal texts.
Example: The corpora were studied.
Physical punishment.
Example: The law banned corporal punishment.
Relating to a corporation.
Example: The issue was corporate.
Protection from liability for corporations.
Example: The firm claimed corporate immunity.
Moving a company abroad for tax benefits.
Example: The company pursued corporate inversion.
Responsibility of a corporation for wrongdoing.
Example: The case involved corporate liability.
Prevents insiders from taking business opportunities.
Example: The claim relied on this doctrine.
A legal business entity.
Example: The corporation filed a report.
A lawyer representing a corporation or city.
Example: The corporation counsel advised the city.
Physical or tangible.
Example: The asset was corporeal.
In a physical manner.
Example: The harm was corporeally evident.
A body or collection.
Example: The corpus of evidence was large.
Proof that a crime occurred.
Example: The prosecution proved corpus delicti.
A body of law.
Example: The case relied on corpus juris.
Shared liability among parties.
Example: The obligation was correal.
Joint liability.
Example: The parties had correality.
The act of fixing an error.
Example: The court issued a correction.
Relating to punishment or prisons.
Example: He worked in a correctional facility.
To support with evidence.
Example: The witness corroborated the claim.
Supported with evidence.
Example: The testimony was corroborated.
Supporting with evidence.
Example: Corroborating facts strengthened the case.
Evidence confirming other evidence.
Example: The case relied on corroborating evidence.
The act of confirming evidence.
Example: The claim required corroboration.
Supporting or confirming evidence.
Example: The testimony was corroborative.
Evidence that confirms other evidence.
Example: The case relied on corroborative evidence.
Dishonest or involving wrongdoing.
Example: The official was corrupt.
Law prohibiting bribery of foreign officials.
Example: The company violated the Corrupt Practices Act.
The ability to be influenced by bribery.
Example: The system showed corruptibility.
Capable of being bribed.
Example: The official was corruptible.
In a dishonest manner.
Example: He acted corruptibly.
Dishonest or illegal behavior.
Example: The case involved corruption.
Loss of inheritance rights due to conviction.
Example: The doctrine of corruption of blood was abolished.
In a dishonest way.
Example: The funds were handled corruptly.
The state of being corrupt.
Example: The corruptness of the system was exposed.
A person who signs a document with another.
Example: She was a cosignatory on the loan.
A person who agrees to repay a debt if needed.
Example: He acted as a cosigner.
An expense or charge.
Example: The cost was included in the contract.
A pricing term including shipping but not insurance.
Example: The contract used cost and freight terms.
The original value of an asset for tax purposes.
Example: She calculated the cost basis.
A bond to cover legal costs.
Example: The court required a cost bond.
The amount needed to maintain a standard of living.
Example: The cost of living increased.
A contract term adjusting payments for inflation.
Example: The lease had a cost of living clause.
Reimbursement of expenses.
Example: The company sought cost recovery.
A pricing term including shipping and insurance.
Example: The deal was cost, insurance, and freight.
A measure of living expenses.
Example: The salary followed the cost-of-living index.
Multiple people sharing responsibility for a debt.
Example: The cosureties shared liability.
A person jointly responsible for a debt.
Example: He was a cosurety.
The relationship between cosureties.
Example: The agreement created cosuretyship.
Shared ownership arrangements.
Example: The land involved cotenancies.
Joint ownership of property.
Example: The property was held in cotenancy.
A co-owner of property.
Example: Each cotenant had rights.
A person sharing trustee duties.
Example: She served as cotrustee.
A governing body.
Example: The council passed the ordinance.
A U.S. advisory body on economic policy.
Example: The report came from the Council of Economic Advisers.
A member of a council.
Example: The councillor voted.
The position of councillor.
Example: His councillorship lasted years.
A male council member.
Example: The councilman spoke.
Multiple male council members.
Example: The councilmen voted.
A member of a council.
Example: The councilor proposed the law.
A female council member.
Example: The councilwoman supported the bill.
Multiple female council members.
Example: The councilwomen spoke.
A lawyer or legal advisor.
Example: She consulted counsel.
Gave advice.
Example: He counseled the client.
Providing advice.
Example: The session involved legal counseling.
Another spelling of counseled.
Example: She counselled the client.
Another spelling of counseling.
Example: He provided counselling.
A legal advisor or lawyer.
Example: The counselor prepared the case.
A licensed attorney.
Example: She is a counselor-at-law.
Multiple attorneys.
Example: The firm employs counselors-at-law.
A separate charge in a case.
Example: The indictment had three counts.
A later will revoking an earlier one.
Example: The counter will replaced the original.
Against or opposite.
Example: The claim was countered.
A claim made in response to another claim.
Example: The defendant filed a counterclaim.
Fake or imitation, especially currency.
Example: He was charged with counterfeit money.
A person who makes fake items.
Example: The counterfeiter was arrested.
A document modifying another agreement.
Example: The parties signed a counterletter.
A response altering an original offer.
Example: She made a counteroffer.
A duplicate document.
Example: Each party signed a counterpart.
To sign a document in addition to another.
Example: The officer will countersign.
A lawyer representing a county.
Example: The county attorney filed charges.
A governing body for a county.
Example: The county commission approved the plan.
A local trial court.
Example: The case was heard in county court.
A specialized county court.
Example: The dispute went to county court at law.
A court handling records and minor cases.
Example: The matter was filed there.
A certificate for interest payments.
Example: The bond included a coupon.
A bond with attached interest coupons.
Example: The investor held a coupon bond.
Past conduct between parties.
Example: The course of dealing shaped expectations.
Conduct during a contract’s execution.
Example: The course of performance clarified terms.
A place where legal cases are heard.
Example: The case went to court.
A historical church court.
Example: The dispute was heard in a court Christian.
A court handling maritime cases.
Example: The dispute went to admiralty court.
A court reviewing lower court decisions.
Example: The case was appealed.
A court handling equity matters.
Example: The dispute was heard in chancery.
A court reviewing civil cases.
Example: The appeal went there.
A court handling claims against government.
Example: The case was filed in the Court of Claims.
A general trial court.
Example: The case was heard there.
A court reviewing criminal cases.
Example: The appeal went to this court.
A court handling family matters.
Example: The case involved domestic relations.
A court applying fairness principles.
Example: The dispute was equitable.
A court investigating matters.
Example: The issue went to inquiry.
The highest court.
Example: The Supreme Court is a court of last resort.
A court applying legal rules.
Example: The case was heard in a court of law.
A military appellate court.
Example: The decision was reviewed there.
A court keeping permanent records.
Example: The case was in a court of record.
An intermediate appellate court.
Example: The appeal was heard there.
A historical English court.
Example: The case was heard in the Exchequer.
A person recording court proceedings.
Example: The court reporter transcribed testimony.
A military trial or to try by military court.
Example: He faced court-martial.
Tried by military court.
Example: He was court-martialed.
The act of trying in military court.
Example: The process involved court-martialing.
Alternate spelling of court-martialed.
Example: He was court-martialled.
Alternate spelling of court-martialing.
Example: Court-martialling began.
Multiple military trials.
Example: Several court-martials were held.
A building where court is held.
Example: The trial took place at the courthouse.
A room where court is held.
Example: The courtroom was full.
Plural of court-martial.
Example: The courts-martial were conducted.
A formal agreement or promise.
Example: The lease included a covenant.
An agreement restricting competition.
Example: He signed a covenant not to compete.
A guarantee of title.
Example: The deed included a warranty.
The person receiving a promise.
Example: The covenantee enforced the term.
The person making a promise.
Example: The covenantor signed the agreement.
To protect or insure.
Example: The policy covers damages.
Protection under an insurance policy.
Example: The claim was within coverage.
An option backed by ownership of the underlying asset.
Example: He sold a covered option.
The legal status of a married woman under her husband’s authority
er husband’s authority (historical).
Civil procedure.
Example: The course covered CP.
Consumer Product Safety Commission.
Example: The CPSC issued a warning.
A union representing skilled workers.
Example: He joined a craft union.
Court approval of a reorganization plan over objections.
Example: The judge approved a cramdown.
Believable and worthy of being trusted by a judge or jury.
The jury found the eyewitness credible because her story stayed consistent under pressure.
The ability to borrow money.
Example: She has good credit.
An agency collecting credit information.
Example: The report came from a credit bureau.
A financial contract insuring against default.
Example: The bank traded a credit default swap.
Insurance covering nonpayment of debt.
Example: The company purchased credit insurance.
A company assessing credit risk.
Example: The bond was rated by an agency.
A trust used to reduce estate taxes.
Example: The estate used a credit shelter trust.
A member-owned financial institution.
Example: She opened an account at a credit union.
A person to whom money is owed.
Example: The creditor filed a claim.
A third party benefiting from a contract.
Example: The creditor beneficiary enforced the contract.
A claim to collect unpaid debts.
Example: The creditor filed a creditor’s bill.
The ability to repay debt.
Example: Lenders assess creditworthiness.
Able to repay debt.
Example: The borrower is creditworthy.
An act punishable by law.
Example: Theft is a crime.
A serious offense against human rights.
Example: The case involved crimes against humanity.
A historical term for certain offenses.
Example: The charge was crime against nature.
An offense involving force.
Example: The charge was a crime of violence.
A crime involving dishonesty.
Example: Fraud is crimen falsi.
Relating to crime or a person accused of crime.
Example: The case was criminal.
An unlawful attempt to harm.
Example: He was charged with criminal assault.
An effort to commit a crime.
Example: The charge was criminal attempt.
Agreement to commit a crime.
Example: They were charged with criminal conspiracy.
Disobedience of court orders punishable by law.
Example: He was held in criminal contempt.
A civil claim for adultery
Example: The case involved criminal conversation.
A court handling criminal cases.
Example: The trial was in criminal court.
Loss of property due to crime.
Example: The assets were subject to criminal forfeiture.
Killing of one person by another.
Example: The charge was criminal homicide.
The mental state required for a crime.
Example: The prosecution proved criminal intent.
Law dealing with crimes.
Example: She studies criminal law.
An attorney handling criminal cases.
Example: He hired a criminal lawyer.
Responsibility for committing a crime.
Example: He faced criminal liability.
Carelessness rising to criminal level.
Example: The charge was criminal negligence.
Rules governing criminal cases.
Example: The course covered criminal procedure.
Advocacy of violence for change.
Example: The law banned criminal syndicalism.
Unlawful entry onto property.
Example: He was charged with criminal trespass.
A forensic scientist.
Example: The criminalist analyzed evidence.
The study of forensic science.
Example: He studied criminalistics.
The state of being criminal.
Example: The act showed criminality.
Making an act illegal.
Example: The law led to criminalization.
To make illegal.
Example: The law criminalizes conduct.
Made illegal.
Example: The behavior was criminalized.
Making illegal.
Example: Criminalizing actions can be controversial.
In a criminal manner.
Example: He was criminally charged.
Causing crime.
Example: The environment was criminogenic.
Relating to the study of crime.
Example: The research was criminological.
In terms of crime study.
Example: The issue was analyzed criminologically.
A person who studies crime.
Example: The criminologist conducted research.
The study of crime.
Example: She majored in criminology.
A point in proceedings requiring legal rights protection.
Example: The trial was a critical stage.
A claim filed against an opposing party.
Example: The defendant filed a cross bill.
A future interest shared among beneficiaries.
Example: The will included a cross remainder.
A claim brought by a defendant.
Example: He filed a cross-action.
An appeal filed by both parties.
Example: The case involved a cross-appeal.
A party filing a cross-appeal.
Example: The cross-appellant challenged the ruling.
A claim between parties on the same side.
Example: The case included a cross-claim.
A party making a cross-claim.
Example: The cross-claimant sought damages.
Property securing multiple loans.
Example: The loan used cross-collateral.
Using one asset to secure multiple debts.
Example: The deal involved cross-collateralization.
To secure multiple debts with one asset.
Example: The borrower agreed to cross-collateralize.
Secured multiple debts.
Example: The loans were cross-collateralized.
The act of securing multiple debts.
Example: Cross-collateralizing increases risk.
A claim against an opposing party.
Example: She filed a cross-complaint.
Questioning a witness by opposing counsel.
Example: The cross-examination was intense.
To question a witness.
Example: The lawyer will cross-examine.
A person conducting questioning.
Example: The cross-examiner challenged testimony.
Mutual licensing agreement.
Example: The companies agreed to a cross-license.
Granted mutual licenses.
Example: The patents were cross-licensed.
Mutual licensing arrangement.
Example: Cross-licensing reduced disputes.
A motion filed in response to another.
Example: He filed a cross-motion.
Severe mistreatment.
Example: The claim involved cruel and inhuman treatment.
Punishment prohibited by the Constitution.
Example: The sentence violated cruel and unusual punishment.
Acts of cruelty.
Example: The case involved cruelties.
Intentional harm or suffering.
Example: The charge was cruelty.
Notice allowing withdrawal from a trust gift.
Example: The trust required a Crummey letter.
A trust allowing tax-free gifts.
Example: The estate used a Crummey trust.
A Supreme Court case on right to die.
Example: The ruling in Cruzan addressed medical decisions.
Court.
Example: The case was filed in Ct.
With the will annexed.
Example: The executor was appointed cta.
Responsibility for wrongdoing.
Example: The case focused on culpability.
Deserving blame.
Example: The conduct was culpable.
Negligence showing disregard for safety.
Example: The charge was culpable negligence.
The state of being blameworthy.
Example: The court assessed culpableness.
In a blameworthy manner.
Example: He acted culpably.
With the will attached.
Example: The administrator was appointed cum testamento annexo.
Increasing or adding up.
Example: The effect was cumulative.
Dividends that accumulate if unpaid.
Example: The stock had a cumulative dividend.
Additional evidence supporting the same fact.
Example: The testimony was cumulative evidence.
Stock with accumulating dividends.
Example: Investors held cumulative preferred stock.
Sentences served consecutively.
Example: He received a cumulative sentence.
Voting allowing multiple votes for one candidate.
Example: The board used cumulative voting.
Zoning allowing broader uses in certain areas.
Example: The area had cumulative zoning.
The ability to fix a defect.
Example: The issue concerned curability.
Able to be fixed.
Example: The defect was curable.
Intended to correct or fix.
Example: The statute was curative.
A person appointed to manage another’s property or affairs.
Example: The court appointed a curator.
The role or office of a curator.
Example: She served under curatorship.
To fix or correct a legal defect.
Example: The breach can be cured.
Fixed or corrected.
Example: The issue was cured.
The act of correcting a defect.
Example: Curing the error resolved the dispute.
An asset expected to be used within a year.
Example: Cash is a current asset.
Historical rights of a husband in a wife’s property.
Example: The doctrine of curtesies is outdated.
A husband’s life interest in his wife’s property
Example: The law once recognized curtesy.
The area immediately surrounding a home.
Example: The search included the curtilage.
Relating to custody.
Example: The parent has custodial rights.
An arrest involving detention.
Example: The suspect faced custodial arrest.
A person responsible for property or records.
Example: The custodian maintained files.
The responsibility of a custodian.
Example: He held custodianship of the assets.
Legal care or control of a person or property.
Example: The court awarded custody.
A practice widely accepted as law.
Example: The decision followed custom.
A person who buys goods or services.
Example: The customer filed a complaint.
A doctrine allowing modification of charitable trusts.
Example: The court applied cy pres.
Insurance covering digital risks.
Example: The company purchased cyber insurance.
Harassment using digital platforms.
Example: The case involved cyberbullying.
Crime committed using computers or the internet.
Example: He was charged with cybercrime.
Law relating to the internet and technology.
Example: She specializes in cyberlaw.
Protection of digital systems.
Example: The firm improved cybersecurity.
Harassment through digital means.
Example: The charge was cyberstalking.
Terrorism conducted through digital attacks.
Example: The threat involved cyberterrorism.
A person committing cyberterrorism.
Example: The suspect was labeled a cyberterrorist.
A designation often used for “defendant.” Example: The case listed D as the defendant.
A corporate restructuring under tax law.
Example: The merger qualified as a D reorganization.
Administrator appointed when original executor cannot serve.
Example: She was named d.b.n. executor.
District of Columbia or district court.
Example: The case was filed in D.C.
Doing business as.
Example: The company operated d/b/a a different name.
District attorney.
Example: The DA filed charges.
Harm or loss caused by an act.
Example: The accident caused damage.
Money a court orders one party to pay another as compensation for harm or loss.
The jury awarded $50,000 in damages for her medical bills after the car accident.
Damage without legal injury.
Example: The loss was damnum absque injuria.
A Supreme Court case involving antitrust and labor unions.
Example: The Danbury Hatters Case limited union actions.
Likely to cause harm.
Example: The condition was dangerous.
An object capable of causing harm.
Example: The knife was a dangerous instrument.
An object used to inflict serious harm.
Example: He was charged with using a dangerous weapon.
The date determining ownership or rights.
Example: Dividends were based on the date of record.
Sexual assault by someone known to the victim.
Example: The case involved date rape.
A substance used to facilitate assault.
Example: The charge involved a date rape drug.
Transfer of property to satisfy a debt.
Example: The debtor used dation en paiement.
Appointed by a court.
Example: The guardian was dative.
The opportunity to present one’s case.
Example: Everyone deserves a day in court.
Extra time allowed for payment.
Example: The debtor was given days of grace.
Doing business and commerce.
Example: The law falls under DB&C.
For the present purpose only.
Example: The testimony was taken de bene esse.
Administrator appointed to handle remaining estate assets.
Example: The court named a de bonis non administrator.
A historical law on inheritance.
Example: The statute limited property transfer.
In fact, though not officially recognized.
Example: He was the de facto leader.
A merger treated as such without formal process.
Example: The court found a de facto merger.
Segregation by practice, not law.
Example: The schools showed de facto segregation.
By law.
Example: The rule was de jure.
Segregation required by law.
Example: The policy enforced de jure segregation.
Too minor to be considered.
Example: The issue was de minimis.
The law does not concern trivial matters.
Example: The claim was dismissed under this principle.
Starting anew.
Example: The case was reviewed de novo.
Removal of restrictions on assets.
Example: The process allowed de-immobilization.
To remove restrictions.
Example: The assets were de-immobilized.
Freed from restrictions.
Example: The funds were de-immobilized.
The act of removing restrictions.
Example: De-immobilizing assets increases access.
Drug Enforcement Administration.
Example: The DEA handled the investigation.
Control of property after death through legal instruments.
Example: The trust exercised dead hand control.
Law limiting testimony about a deceased person.
Example: The claim was affected by the dead man’s statute.
More likely to cause death.
Example: The weapon was deadlier.
Most likely to cause death.
Example: It was the deadliest option.
A standstill with no agreement.
Example: The jury reached a deadlock.
Likely to cause death.
Example: The force was deadly.
Force intended to cause serious harm or death.
Example: The officer used deadly force.
An object capable of causing death.
Example: The gun was a deadly weapon.
An agreement or transaction.
Example: They made a deal.
A person who buys and sells goods.
Example: The dealer sold the car.
Business conduct or transactions.
Example: The dealings were lawful.
Handled or managed.
Example: The issue was dealt with.
The end of life.
Example: The case involved wrongful death.
Payment upon death.
Example: The policy included a death benefit.
An official record of death.
Example: The family obtained a death certificate.
A rule allowing appeal in critical situations.
Example: The appeal fell under the death knell exception.
Capital punishment.
Example: The case involved the death penalty.
Screening jurors based on views on capital punishment.
Example: The jury underwent death qualification.
Prison area for those sentenced to death.
Example: He was placed on death row.
A sentence of execution.
Example: The court issued a death sentence.
Tax on estates after death.
Example: The estate paid a death tax.
An order for execution.
Example: The judge signed a death warrant.
Law allowing assisted death under conditions.
Example: The state passed a death with dignity law.
To exclude from a right or privilege.
Example: The contractor was debarred.
Exclusion from participation.
Example: The company faced debarment.
Excluded.
Example: He was debarred from contracts.
The act of excluding.
Example: Debarring protects fairness.
A type of unsecured debt.
Example: The company issued a debenture.
A bond not backed by collateral.
Example: Investors purchased debenture bonds.
Money owed.
Example: He paid off his debt.
Modification of debt terms.
Example: The company sought debt adjustment.
Funds raised through borrowing.
Example: The firm used debt capital.
A financial instrument representing a loan.
Example: Bonds are debt securities.
Payments toward debt obligations.
Example: The company managed its debt service.
A person who owes money.
Example: The debtor filed bankruptcy.
A debtor retaining control during bankruptcy.
Example: The company remained debtor in possession.
Property owned by a debtor in bankruptcy.
Example: The assets formed the debtor’s estate.
A deceased person.
Example: The decedent left a will.
Fraud or misrepresentation.
Example: The case involved deceit.
To mislead.
Example: He tried to deceive the court.
Misled.
Example: The client was deceived.
Misleading.
Example: Deceiving others is unlawful.
The act of misleading.
Example: The fraud involved deception.
Misleading or false.
Example: The advertisement was deceptive.
Removal of official status.
Example: The union faced decertification.
Removed official recognition.
Example: The group was decertified.
To remove certification.
Example: The agency may decertify.
The act of removing certification.
Example: Decertifying the group ended authority.
To make a judgment.
Example: The court will decide the case.
Made a judgment.
Example: The issue was decided.
Making a judgment.
Example: Deciding cases requires analysis.
A judgment or ruling.
Example: The decision was final.
Relating to decisions.
Example: The rule was decisional.
Law based on court decisions.
Example: The case relied on decisional law.
A person making a statement.
Example: The declarant testified.
A formal statement.
Example: The declaration outlined facts.
A statement harmful to the speaker.
Example: The statement was a declaration against interest.
A document establishing a condominium.
Example: The building filed a declaration of condominium.
A claim protecting a home from creditors.
Example: She filed a declaration of homestead.
A document creating a trust.
Example: The trust began with a declaration of trust.
Stating rights without enforcement.
Example: The judgment was declaratory.
A court ruling clarifying rights.
Example: He sought a declaratory judgment.
To state officially.
Example: The court will declare rights.
Officially stated.
Example: The rule was declared valid.
A person making a declaration.
Example: The declarer signed the form.
The act of stating.
Example: Declaring rights resolves disputes.
A formal court order.
Example: The judge issued a decree.
A temporary court order.
Example: The divorce began with a decree nisi.
A judgment entered due to no response.
Example: The court issued a decree pro confesso.
Plural of decree nisi.
Example: Several decrees nisi were entered.
Removal of criminal penalties.
Example: The law allowed decriminalization.
To remove criminal status.
Example: The state may decriminalize conduct.
Removed criminal penalties.
Example: The act was decriminalized.
Removing criminal status.
Example: Decriminalizing affects enforcement.
Setting aside property for public use.
Example: The land was dedicated to the city.
To subtract from income.
Example: He can deduct expenses.
Eligibility for deduction.
Example: The expense’s deductibility was questioned.
An amount subtracted before insurance pays.
Example: The policy has a $500 deductible.
An amount subtracted from income or taxes.
Example: She claimed a tax deduction.
A legal document transferring property.
Example: The deed transferred ownership.
Giving property to lender instead of foreclosure.
Example: The borrower used a deed in lieu of foreclosure.
A document securing a loan with property.
Example: The loan was backed by a deed of trust.
Transfer of property to avoid foreclosure.
Example: He offered a deed-in-lieu.
A party with substantial financial resources.
Example: The plaintiff targeted a deep pocket.
A rule subordinating insider claims in bankruptcy.
Example: The court applied the Deep Rock doctrine.
Defendant.
Example: The brief referred to Def.
To damage appearance or surface.
Example: He was charged for defacing property.
Damaged or altered.
Example: The document was defaced.
The act of damaging appearance.
Example: The graffiti was defacement.
A person who defaces.
Example: The defacer was identified.
The act of damaging.
Example: Defacing property is illegal.
To misuse funds.
Example: He was accused of defalcating money.
Misused funds.
Example: The accountant defalcated funds.
Misusing funds.
Example: Defalcating violates trust.
Misuse or misappropriation of funds.
Example: The case involved defalcation.
A person who misuses funds.
Example: The defalcator was prosecuted.
False statements harming reputation.
Example: The lawsuit alleged defamation.
False statements harming property ownership claims.
Example: The case involved defamation of title.
Damaging to reputation.
Example: The statement was defamatory.
To harm someone’s reputation.
Example: He claimed he was defamed.
Harmed reputation.
Example: The article defamed her.
One who defames.
Example: The defamer faced liability.
The act of harming reputation.
Example: Defaming others can lead to lawsuits.
Failure to fulfill an obligation.
Example: The borrower was in default.
A ruling due to failure to respond.
Example: The court issued a default judgment.
A person who fails to meet obligations.
Example: The defaulter missed payments.
A condition that voids an obligation.
Example: The clause created defeasance.
Subject to being voided.
Example: The interest was defeasible.
Property ownership subject to conditions.
Example: The land was held in defeasible fee.
To nullify or overcome.
Example: The defense defeated the claim.
A flaw or imperfection.
Example: The product had a defect.
Having a flaw.
Example: The goods were defective.
In a flawed manner.
Example: The product was defectively made.
The state of having defects.
Example: The case focused on defectiveness.
To protect against a claim.
Example: The lawyer will defend the case.
A person accused in a case.
Example: The defendant pleaded not guilty.
One who defends.
Example: The public defender represented him.
A legal argument against a claim.
Example: The defense argued self-defense.
Lawyers representing defendants.
Example: The defense bar opposed the law.
A federal law defining marriage
Intended to protect.
Example: The strategy was defensive.
In a protective manner.
Example: He acted defensively.
Postponed.
Example: The payment was deferred.
An annuity starting at a future date.
Example: She purchased a deferred annuity.
Income paid later.
Example: The plan included deferred compensation.
Income received but not yet earned.
Example: The company reported deferred income.
Shortcomings or unpaid amounts.
Example: The audit found deficiencies.
A shortfall or unpaid amount.
Example: The loan had a deficiency.
Judgment for remaining debt after collateral sale.
Example: The lender sought a deficiency judgment.
To corrupt or violate.
Example: The act defiled the law.
Corrupted or violated.
Example: The site was defiled.
The act of corrupting.
Example: The crime involved defilement.
One who corrupts.
Example: The defiler was charged.
The act of corrupting.
Example: Defiling sacred property is illegal.
A retirement plan with fixed payouts.
Example: The company offered a defined benefit plan.
A retirement plan based on contributions.
Example: He invested in a defined contribution plan.
No heirs exist to inherit property.
Example: The estate faced definite failure of issue.
To deceive for financial gain.
Example: He was accused of defrauding investors.
A person who commits fraud.
Example: The defrauder was prosecuted.
A level of seriousness in a crime.
Example: The charge was second-degree murder.
Outside or beyond a legal document.
Example: Evidence dehors the record was excluded.
A guarantee of payment by an agent.
Example: The agreement included del credere.
An agent guaranteeing payment.
Example: The broker acted as a del credere agent.
Personal selection in contracts.
Example: The contract involved delectus personae.
Ability to transfer duties.
Example: The issue involved delegability.
Able to be transferred.
Example: The duty was delegable.
A person transferring authority.
Example: The delegant assigned duties.
To transfer authority or a person assigned duties.
Example: She delegated tasks.
Transferred authority.
Example: The responsibility was delegated.
A person receiving authority.
Example: The delegatee accepted duties.
Transferring authority.
Example: Delegating tasks improves efficiency.
Transfer of authority.
Example: The law restricts delegation.
To carefully consider or done intentionally.
Example: The jury will deliberate.
Intentional killing.
Example: The charge was deliberate homicide.
Carefully considered.
Example: The jury deliberated for hours.
Intentionally.
Example: He acted deliberately.
Intentional action.
Example: The act showed deliberateness.
Considering carefully.
Example: The jury is deliberating.
Careful consideration.
Example: The decision followed deliberation.
Involving discussion and decision-making.
Example: The process was deliberative.
Protects internal government discussions.
Example: The memo was protected by privilege.
A wrongful act.
Example: The case involved a delict.
Relating to wrongdoing.
Example: The claim was delictual.
Failures to meet obligations.
Example: The report showed delinquencies.
Failure to pay or perform.
Example: The account was in delinquency.
Failing obligations or a person who does so.
Example: The account is delinquent.
To remove from a list or exchange.
Example: The stock was delisted.
To transfer possession.
Example: The goods were delivered.
Something that must be provided under a contract.
Example: The report was a deliverable.
Transferred or handed over.
Example: The goods were delivered.
Transfers of goods or property.
Example: The contract covered multiple deliveries.
The act of transferring.
Example: Delivering goods completes the contract.
The transfer of possession.
Example: Delivery completed the sale.
A request for something due.
Example: The creditor made a demand.
Bank deposit withdrawable on request.
Example: The account was a demand deposit.
A loan payable upon request.
Example: The bank issued a demand loan.
A note payable on demand.
Example: The borrower signed a demand note.
Capable of being demanded.
Example: The payment was demandable.
Behavior or conduct.
Example: The witness’s demeanor was calm.
Transfer of property or death.
Example: The lease involved a demise.
Transferred property.
Example: The land was demised.
The act of transferring property.
Example: Demising property creates rights.
Systems of government by the people.
Example: The law applied in democracies.
Government by the people.
Example: The nation is a democracy.
Relating to democracy.
Example: The process was democratic.
In a democratic manner.
Example: The decision was made democratically.
A gift from a specific source.
Example: The will included a demonstrative bequest.
Evidence used to illustrate testimony.
Example: The lawyer used demonstrative evidence.
A gift payable from a specific fund.
Example: The estate included a demonstrative legacy.
To object legally.
Example: The defendant chose to demur.
Subject to objection.
Example: The claim was demurrable.
Objected legally.
Example: The party demurred to the complaint.
A legal objection to a pleading.
Example: The court reviewed the demurrer.
An objection claiming insufficient evidence.
Example: The defense filed a demurrer to the evidence.
Objecting legally.
Example: Demurring challenges the claim.
A place used for illegal activity.
Example: The police raided a gambling den.
A refusal or rejection.
Example: The claim was met with denial.
Refused or rejected.
Example: The motion was denied.
To refuse.
Example: The court may deny the request.
Refusing.
Example: Denying claims requires evidence.
To leave or deviate.
Example: The rule may depart from tradition.
U.S. agency overseeing agriculture.
Example: The USDA issued guidelines.
U.S. agency overseeing trade.
Example: The Department of Commerce regulates trade.
U.S. military agency.
Example: The Department of Defense issued orders.
U.S. agency overseeing education.
Example: The Department of Education set standards.
U.S. agency overseeing energy policy.
Example: The Department of Energy funded research.
U.S. agency for health programs.
Example: HHS issued regulations.
U.S. agency for national security.
Example: DHS handled the matter.
U.S. housing agency.
Example: HUD enforced housing laws.
U.S. agency enforcing federal law.
Example: The DOJ prosecuted the case.
U.S. agency overseeing labor laws.
Example: The Department of Labor issued rules.
U.S. agency handling foreign affairs.
Example: The Department of State issued visas.
U.S. agency managing natural resources.
Example: The Interior Department regulates lands.
U.S. agency managing finances.
Example: The Treasury oversees currency.
U.S. agency overseeing transport.
Example: The DOT regulates highways.
U.S. agency for veterans’ services.
Example: The VA provides benefits.
A deviation from standard practice.
Example: The ruling was a departure.
Applying different laws to different issues.
Example: The case involved depecage.
A tax deduction for dependents.
Example: He claimed a dependency deduction.
A tax exemption for dependents.
Example: The exemption reduced taxes.
A person relying on another.
Example: She claimed a dependent.
Revocation based on mistaken belief.
Example: The doctrine applied here.
Reduction of natural resources.
Example: The tax involved depletion.
A person giving testimony under oath.
Example: The deponent answered questions.
To remove from a country.
Example: The government may deport.
Subject to removal.
Example: The individual was deportable.
Removal from a country.
Example: The case involved deportation.
A person being deported.
Example: The deportee challenged the order.
To remove from office or take testimony.
Example: The witness was deposed.
Removed or questioned under oath.
Example: The official was deposed.
Taking sworn testimony.
Example: Deposing witnesses gathers evidence.
Money placed or given for safekeeping.
Example: He made a deposit.
Persons holding property.
Example: The banks acted as depositaries.
One entrusted with property.
Example: The bank was a depositary.
A bank holding funds.
Example: The depositary bank managed assets.
Sworn testimony outside court.
Example: The deposition was recorded.
A person who deposits money.
Example: The depositor opened an account.
Places where things are stored.
Example: The records were kept in depositories.
A place for storing assets.
Example: The vault was a depository.
A bond protecting deposited funds.
Example: The bank held a depository bond.
A law regulating financial institutions.
Example: The act changed banking rules.
Morally corrupt.
Example: The act was depraved.
Killing with reckless disregard for life.
Example: The charge was depraved-heart murder.
Acts of moral corruption.
Example: The case involved depravities.
Moral corruption.
Example: The crime showed depravity.
Capable of losing value.
Example: The asset was depreciable.
To decrease in value.
Example: The property depreciated.
Lost value.
Example: The asset depreciated.
Losing value.
Example: The equipment is depreciating.
Loss of value over time.
Example: The tax allowed depreciation.
Loss of rights or property.
Example: The case involved deprivation.
To take away rights or property.
Example: The law cannot deprive rights unfairly.
Took away rights.
Example: He was deprived of liberty.
Taking away rights.
Example: Depriving rights violates law.
Assistants to officials.
Example: The deputies enforced the law.
To appoint as a deputy.
Example: The sheriff may deputize officers.
Appointed as deputy.
Example: He was deputized.
Appointing deputies.
Example: Deputizing increases enforcement.
A person acting on behalf of another.
Example: The deputy assisted the sheriff.
A law enforcement officer.
Example: The deputy sheriff made the arrest.
Failure to fulfill duty.
Example: The officer was charged with dereliction.
Based on another source.
Example: The claim was derivative.
A lawsuit brought on behalf of a corporation.
Example: The shareholder filed a derivative action.
Property not illegal itself but used unlawfully.
Example: The item was derivative contraband.
Evidence obtained from other evidence.
Example: The case relied on derivative evidence.
A lawsuit filed by a shareholder on behalf of a corporation.
Example: The investor filed a derivative suit.
A work based on an existing copyrighted work.
Example: The film was a derivative work.
Based on or derived from another source.
Example: The claim was brought derivatively.
Reduction or weakening of rights.
Example: The law was in derogation of common law.
To pass property to heirs.
Example: The estate will descend to heirs.
A person related by lineage.
Example: The descendant inherited property.
Alternate spelling of descendant.
Example: The descendent claimed rights.
Ability of property to pass to heirs.
Example: The issue involved descendibility.
Capable of passing to heirs.
Example: The interest was descendible.
Transfer of property to heirs.
Example: The law governs descent.
A statement detailing something.
Example: The contract included a description.
A trademark describing a product.
Example: The name was a descriptive mark.
To end separation of groups.
Example: The school was ordered to desegregate.
Ended separation.
Example: The district was desegregated.
Ending separation.
Example: The court required desegregating schools.
The process of ending segregation.
Example: The case involved desegregation.
Abandonment without intent to return.
Example: The claim involved desertion.
A patent protecting appearance.
Example: The product had a design patent.
A synthetic drug created to mimic others.
Example: The case involved a designer drug.
To want or request.
Example: The party expressed a desire.
Wanted or requested.
Example: The outcome was desired.
Wanting or requesting.
Example: Desiring relief, he filed suit.
A contract requiring delivery to a destination.
Example: The agreement was a destination contract.
A rule voiding certain future interests.
Example: The doctrine affected the estate.
Disuse of a law over time.
Example: The statute fell into desuetude.
To hold in custody.
Example: The officer may detain a suspect.
A person held in custody.
Example: The detainee requested counsel.
A legal hold on a person already in custody.
Example: A detainer was filed.
A law enforcement investigator.
Example: The detective gathered evidence.
The act of holding in custody.
Example: The suspect was in detention.
Capable of being ended.
Example: The estate was determinable.
An easement that can end upon condition.
Example: The right was a determinable easement.
Ownership subject to termination.
Example: The land was held in determinable fee.
A fixed prison sentence.
Example: He received a determinate sentence.
A final decision.
Example: The agency made a determination.
An official ruling from an agency.
Example: The IRS issued a determination letter.
Decisive or conclusive.
Example: The evidence was determinative.
To decide.
Example: The court will determine liability.
Decided.
Example: The issue was determined.
Deciding.
Example: Determining facts is essential.
Preventing wrongdoing through punishment.
Example: The law aims at deterrence.
A legal action for recovery of property.
Example: The claim was detinet.
A lawsuit for return of property.
Example: The case involved detinue.
Judgment for wrongful detention of property.
Example: The court issued detinuit.
Harm or loss.
Example: The plaintiff suffered detriment.
Causing harm.
Example: The act was detrimental.
In a harmful way.
Example: He was affected detrimentally.
Reduction in value.
Example: The currency faced devaluation.
To reduce value.
Example: The government devalued currency.
Reduced in value.
Example: The asset was devalued.
Reducing value.
Example: Devaluing harms markets.
Mismanagement of an estate by a trustee.
Example: The executor committed devastavit.
To remove ownership.
Example: The property was devested.
Capable of being transferred by will.
Example: The property was devisable.
A question of whether a will is valid.
Example: The court considered devisavit vel non.
To transfer property by will or the property itself.
Example: The land was devised.
Transferred by will.
Example: The estate was devised.
A person receiving property by will.
Example: The devisee inherited land.
Transferring by will.
Example: Devising property requires a valid will.
A person who transfers property by will.
Example: The devisor left assets.
Transfer of rights or property.
Example: The estate involved devolution.
To transfer rights or duties.
Example: The property devolved to heirs.
Transferred.
Example: The rights devolved.
Transferring.
Example: Devolving duties changes responsibility.
Department of Foreign Affairs.
Example: The DFA handled the matter.
Department of Homeland Security.
Example: DHS issued a warning.
To bargain.
Example: They dickered over price.
Bargained.
Example: He dickered for hours.
Bargaining.
Example: Dickering delayed the deal.
Statements not essential to a court’s decision.
Example: The opinion included dicta.
A statement in a judicial opinion not binding.
Example: The dictum influenced later cases.
Past tense of do.
Example: He did comply.
A day when no legal action occurs.
Example: The holiday was dies non.
A day when courts are not in session.
Example: Sunday is dies non juridicus.
A summary of legal decisions.
Example: The lawyer consulted a digest.
A plea delaying proceedings.
Example: The defense filed a dilatory plea.
Careful effort.
Example: The lawyer showed diligence.
To weaken.
Example: The claim was diluted.
Weakened.
Example: The rights were diluted.
Weakening.
Example: Diluting claims reduces impact.
Weakening of rights or value.
Example: The trademark faced dilution.
Reduced mental ability affecting responsibility.
Example: The defense argued diminished capacity.
Reduction or decrease.
Example: There was diminution in value.
Decrease in property value.
Example: The damages covered diminution in value.
Protection from prosecution for diplomats.
Example: The official claimed diplomatic immunity.
Straight or immediate.
Example: The cause was direct.
A lawsuit against an insurer.
Example: The case involved direct action.
Appeal taken directly to a higher court.
Example: The case went on direct appeal.
A challenge to a judgment in the same case.
Example: The ruling faced direct attack.
A person directly benefiting from a contract.
Example: He was a direct beneficiary.
The immediate cause of harm.
Example: The injury had a direct cause.
Contempt occurring in court.
Example: The judge cited direct contempt.
Losses directly resulting from an act.
Example: The plaintiff sought direct damages.
Preventing re-litigation of decided issues.
Example: The claim was barred by direct estoppel.
Evidence directly proving a fact.
Example: The case included direct evidence.
Initial questioning of a witness.
Example: The attorney began direct examination.
Insurance between insurer and insured.
Example: The policy was direct insurance.
Immediate loss from an event.
Immediate review by a higher court.
Example: The case received direct review.
Skipping lower courts to go directly to a higher court.
Example: The case used direct skip.
A tax imposed directly on individuals or property.
Example: Income tax is a direct tax.
A ruling by a judge without jury decision.
Example: The judge granted a directed verdict.
A ruling finding a defendant not guilty.
Example: The court issued a directed verdict of acquittal.
Without delay or indirectly.
Example: The issue was addressed directly.
A person managing a corporation.
Example: She serves as a director.
A legal officer for a municipality.
Example: The director of law advised the city.
A group of directors.
Example: The directorate approved the plan.
The position of a director.
Example: He held a directorship.
Legal or physical limitations.
Example: The law protects those with disabilities.
A limitation affecting ability or rights.
Example: The claim involved disability.
To impair or limit ability.
Example: The injury disabled him.
Impaired or made unable.
Example: He is legally disabled.
The state of being disabled.
Example: The injury caused disablement.
Causing impairment.
Example: The condition was disabling.
To reject a contract.
Example: The minor may disaffirm the contract.
Rejection of a contract.
Example: The disaffirmance voided the agreement.
The act of rejecting a contract.
Example: The disaffirmation was valid.
To refuse approval.
Example: The court may disallow claims.
Refusal of approval.
Example: The IRS issued a disallowance.
To remove a lawyer’s license.
Example: He was disbarred.
Removal from legal practice.
Example: The attorney faced disbarment.
Release from obligation or duty.
Example: The debt was discharged.
A hearing to determine release.
Example: The court scheduled a discharge hearing.
Ability of a debt to be discharged.
Example: The issue was dischargeability.
Able to be released.
Example: The debt was dischargeable.
A rule governing professional conduct.
Example: The lawyer violated a disciplinary rule.
To deny responsibility.
Example: He disclaimed ownership.
A person denying a claim.
Example: The disclaimant refused the gift.
A statement denying responsibility.
Example: The contract included a disclaimer.
To reveal information.
Example: The law requires disclosure.
The act of revealing information.
Example: Full disclosure is required.
Ending of a legal action.
Example: The case ended in discontinuance.
Reduction in value or price.
Example: The bond was sold at a discount.
A bond sold below face value.
Example: The investor bought a discount bond.
Interest rate used for valuation.
Example: The bank set the discount rate.
A share sold below value.
Example: The stock was a discount share.
Capable of reduction.
Example: The note was discountable.
To find through investigation.
Example: The evidence was discovered.
Subject to legal disclosure.
Example: The document was discoverable.
A situation where danger is recognized.
Example: The doctrine applies to discovered peril.
Findings through investigation.
Example: The case involved key discoveries.
Pretrial exchange of information.
Example: The case is in discovery.
Protection from disclosure.
Example: The document had discovery immunity.
Rules governing disclosure.
Example: The firm followed discovery policy.
Law delaying when a claim begins.
Example: The statute followed the discovery rule.
Freedom to decide.
Example: The judge has discretion.
Based on judgment.
Example: The decision was discretionary.
Protection for discretionary acts.
Example: The official claimed discretionary immunity.
A trust allowing trustee discretion.
Example: The estate created a discretionary trust.
To treat differently.
Example: The law prohibits discrimination.
Treated unfairly.
Example: She was discriminated against.
Making distinctions.
Example: The rule is discriminating.
Unfair treatment.
Example: The case involved discrimination.
In a discriminatory way.
Example: The policy was applied discriminatorily.
Unfairly biased.
Example: The law was discriminatory.
To deny voting rights.
Example: The law may disenfranchise voters.
Denied rights.
Example: The group was disenfranchised.
Loss of voting rights.
Example: The law caused disenfranchisement.
Denying rights.
Example: The policy was disenfranchising.
To deprive of a right.
Example: The act disentitles benefits.
To deprive of rights.
Example: The law disfranchised citizens.
Deprived of rights.
Example: The group was disfranchised.
Depriving rights.
Example: The act was disenfranchising.
To repay illegal profits.
Example: The court ordered him to disgorge funds.
Repaid profits.
Example: The company disgorged gains.
Repayment of ill-gotten gains.
Example: The remedy included disgorgement.
Repaying profits.
Example: Disgorging restores fairness.
A transfer appearing as something else.
Example: The gift was a disguised donation.
Excluding someone from inheritance.
Example: The will caused disherison.
Refusal to accept or pay.
Example: The check was dishonored.
Exclusion from inheritance.
Example: The act resulted in disinherison.
To exclude from inheritance.
Example: He chose to disinherit.
The act of excluding heirs.
Example: The case involved disinheritance.
Not having a personal interest.
Example: The trustee must be disinterested.
Removing intermediaries.
Example: The process involved disintermediation.
To withdraw investment.
Example: The company chose to disinvest.
A claim offering alternatives.
Example: The complaint used disjunctive allegation.
To terminate a case.
Example: The judge may dismiss the claim.
Termination of a case.
Example: The case ended in dismissal.
Disruptive or unlawful behavior.
Example: He was charged with disorderly conduct.
Harmful statements about property or reputation.
Example: The claim involved disparagement.
False statements harming property value.
Example: The case alleged disparagement of property.
False claims about ownership.
Example: The suit involved disparagement of title.
Policies affecting groups differently.
Example: The law had disparate impact.
Intentional discrimination.
Example: The claim involved disparate treatment.
Income available after expenses.
Example: The court calculated disposable income.
Part of the estate that can be freely given.
Example: The will use the disposable portion.
To transfer or get rid of.
Example: He chose to dispose of assets.
Transferred or handled.
Example: The property was disposed of.
The act of transferring.
Example: Disposing of property ends ownership.
Transfer or settlement of property.
Example: The case involved disposition.
Determining the outcome.
Example: The issue was dispositive.
To remove from possession.
Example: The tenant was dispossessed.
Loss of possession.
Example: The case involved dispossession.
One who removes possession.
Example: The landlord acted as dispossessor.
Order to remove a tenant.
Example: The landlord filed a dispossessory warrant.
Open to argument.
Example: The claim was disputable.
A disagreement or to argue.
Example: The parties entered a dispute.
Argued or challenged.
Example: The facts were disputed.
Arguing or contesting.
Example: Disputing claims requires evidence.
The act of being declared unfit.
Example: The judge faced disqualification.
Declared unfit.
Example: The juror was disqualified.
To declare unfit.
Example: The conflict may disqualify him.
Making unfit.
Example: The issue was disqualifying.
To wrongfully dispossess.
Example: He was disseised of land.
Wrongfully dispossessed.
Example: The owner was disseised.
A person wrongfully dispossessed.
Example: The disseisee sought recovery.
Wrongful dispossession.
Example: The claim involved disseisin.
Wrongfully dispossessing.
Example: Disseising violates property rights.
A person who wrongfully dispossesses.
Example: The disseisor was liable.
Alternate form of disseise.
Example: He disseized the land.
Wrongfully dispossessed.
Example: The property was disseized.
Alternate form of disseisin.
Example: The dispute involved disseizin.
The act of dispossessing.
Example: Disseizing creates liability.
Disagreement with a decision.
Example: The justice wrote a dissent.
One who disagrees.
Example: The dissenter opposed the ruling.
An opinion disagreeing with the majority.
Example: The judge wrote a dissenting opinion.
To waste or lose assets.
Example: He dissipated funds.
Wasted or lost.
Example: The assets were dissipated.
Wasting assets.
Example: Dissipating funds harms creditors.
Waste of assets.
Example: The case involved dissipation.
Ending of a legal relationship.
Example: The partnership entered dissolution.
Capable of being ended.
Example: The agreement was dissolvable.
To end or terminate.
Example: The company will dissolve.
Ended.
Example: The entity was dissolved.
Ending.
Example: Dissolving the contract ended duties.
District Court.
Example: The case was filed in Dist. Ct.
To show differences between cases.
Example: The lawyer distinguished the precedent.
To seize property for debt.
Example: The landlord may distrain goods.
Subject to seizure.
Example: The property was distrainable.
One who seizes property.
Example: The distrainer acted lawfully.
One who performs distraint.
Example: The distrainor seized goods.
Seizure of property for debt.
Example: The creditor used distraint.
Seizure of property or emotional suffering.
Example: The claim involved distress.
Order to seize property.
Example: The court issued a distress warrant.
To divide or give out.
Example: The estate was distributed.
Divided or given out.
Example: The assets were distributed.
A person receiving distribution.
Example: The heir was a distributee.
Dividing or giving out.
Example: Distributing assets ends the estate.
Division of assets.
Example: The distribution was completed.
Relating to division.
Example: The rule was distributive.
A geographic legal area.
Example: The case was in this district.
A public prosecutor.
Example: The district attorney filed charges.
A trial court.
Example: The case began in district court.
An appellate court.
Example: The case was appealed there.
A judge in a district court.
Example: The district judge presided.
A lower-level court.
Example: The case was filed there.
A Supreme Court case on gun rights.
Example: The ruling in Heller affirmed individual rights.
To interrupt or disrupt.
Example: The act disturbed public order.
To disrupt public order.
Example: He was charged with disturbing the peace.
Disruption of peace.
Example: The incident caused disturbance.
Different or varied.
Example: The parties were diverse.
Redirecting a legal process.
Example: The case went to diversion.
Relating to diversion.
Example: The program was diversionary.
Difference in parties or elements.
Example: The case involved diversity.
Federal jurisdiction based on different states.
Example: The case met diversity jurisdiction.
Parties from different states.
Example: The suit required diversity of citizenship.
To redirect.
Example: The case was diverted.
One who redirects.
Example: The diverter changed the course.
To remove ownership.
Example: The company divested assets.
Forced sale of assets.
Example: The court ordered divestiture.
Withdrawal of investment.
Example: The firm announced divestment.
Split or separated.
Example: The property was divided.
Payment to shareholders.
Example: The company issued a dividend.
Choice of receiving dividends.
Example: The plan included a dividend option.
Ability to divide.
Example: The issue involved divisibility.
Capable of being divided.
Example: The contract was divisible.
Legal end of marriage.
Example: They filed for divorce.
Legal separation.
Example: The couple sought this form of divorce.
Absolute divorce.
Example: The court granted full divorce.
Legally separated by court.
Example: They are divorced.
Ending a marriage.
Example: They are divorcing.
Identification using genetic material.
Example: The case used DNA fingerprinting.
Do Not Resuscitate.
Example: The patient had a DNR order.
To perform an action.
Example: He agreed to do the task.
To engage in commercial activity.
Example: The company does business here.
Dead on arrival.
Example: The case was DOA.
A place for ships or to reduce pay.
Example: The pay was docked.
A list of cases or to schedule.
Example: The case was on the docket.
Identifier for a case.
Example: The docket number was listed.
Advanced law degree.
Example: She earned this degree.
A law degree
Example: He holds a Doctor of Jurisprudence.
A law degree.
Example: She is a Doctor of Law.
An advanced law degree.
Example: He earned a Doctor of Laws.
Advanced legal degree
Example: She pursued this degree.
Relating to legal principles.
Example: The argument was doctrinal.
A legal principle.
Example: The doctrine applied.
A written record or to record.
Example: The contract is a document.
A document proving ownership.
Example: The bill of lading is a document of title.
Based on documents.
Example: The evidence was documentary.
A payment order with documents.
Example: The bank issued a documentary draft.
Department of Defense.
Example: The DOD issued a report.
A federal law regulating finance.
Example: The case involved Dodd-Frank.
Department of Energy.
Example: The DOE issued guidelines.
Third-person form of do.
Example: He does comply.
Department of the Interior.
Example: The DOI manages resources.
Performing an action.
Example: He is doing business.
Law regulating business activity in a state.
Example: The company complied with the statute.
Department of Labor.
Example: The DOL issued regulations.
Department of Labor.
Example: The DOL issued new regulations.
Defense of Marriage Act
Example: DOMA was challenged in court.
Relating to home or internal matters.
Example: The issue was domestic.
Abuse within a household or relationship.
Example: The case involved domestic violence.
A person’s permanent home.
Example: His domicile determines jurisdiction.
Established residence.
Example: She is domiciled in New York.
People residing in a place.
Example: The domiciliaries were affected.
Relating to residence.
Example: The issue was domiciliary.
Establishing residence.
Example: He is domiciling abroad.
Property benefiting from an easement.
Example: The dominant estate used the path.
Control or ownership.
Example: He exercised dominion over property.
To give as a gift.
Example: She chose to donate funds.
Gave as a gift.
Example: He donated property.
Giving as a gift.
Example: Donating supports charities.
A gift made during life.
Example: The transfer was donatio inter vivos.
A gift made in anticipation of death.
Example: The gift was donatio mortis causa.
A gift.
Example: The charity received a donation.
A gift presented as something else.
Example: The transfer was a donation in disguise.
A lifetime gift.
Example: The estate included donation inter vivos.
A gift made before death.
Example: The court reviewed donation mortis causa.
Relating to giving.
Example: The intent was donative.
Completed.
Example: The task was done.
A person receiving a gift.
Example: The donee accepted the property.
A third party receiving a benefit as a gift.
Example: She was a donee beneficiary.
A person giving a gift.
Example: The donor transferred assets.
A partner not actively involved in business.
Example: He was a dormant partner.
Department of Transportation.
Example: The DOT issued regulations.
Relating to dowry.
Example: The property was dotal.
A person receiving duplicate benefits.
Example: He was labeled a double dipper.
Receiving benefits twice.
Example: The law prohibits double dipping.
Insurance paying double for certain losses.
Example: The policy included double indemnity.
Being tried twice for the same crime.
Example: The Constitution prohibits double jeopardy.
Taxing the same income twice.
Example: The issue involved double taxation.
A widow’s share of her husband’s estate.
Example: The law once provided dower.
Moving lower.
Example: The adjustment was downward.
Domestic relations.
Example: The case was in DR court.
A written document or to prepare one.
Example: He drafted the contract.
A person who writes documents.
Example: The drafter prepared the will.
A person skilled in drafting.
Example: The draftsman wrote the agreement.
Skill in drafting documents.
Example: The contract showed strong draftsmanship.
Law holding sellers liable for alcohol-related harm.
Example: The case involved the dram shop act.
To write or pull.
Example: The lawyer drew the contract.
A person directed to pay.
Example: The bank was the drawee.
A person who writes a check.
Example: The drawer signed the check.
The act of writing or pulling.
Example: The drawing of funds occurred.
Written or pulled.
Example: The check was drawn.
A Supreme Court case denying citizenship rights
Example: The Dred Scott Case shaped history.
Past tense of draw.
Example: He drew funds.
Operating a vehicle while impaired.
Example: He was charged with driving under the influence.
U.S. agency enforcing drug laws.
Example: The DEA handled the case.
An area with enhanced drug penalties.
Example: The offense occurred in a drug-free zone.
A trust with no duties for trustee.
Example: The court found a dry trust.
Allows liability in multiple roles.
Example: The case applied the doctrine.
Two related agreements.
Example: The deal involved a dual contract.
Allows separate governments to prosecute.
Example: The doctrine permits dual charges.
Expressing doubt in a judicial opinion.
Example: The judge wrote dubitante.
Owed or payable.
Example: The payment is due.
A written acknowledgment of debt.
Example: He signed a due bill.
Reasonable care.
Example: The driver owed due care.
Careful investigation.
Example: The buyer performed due diligence.
Fair legal procedures.
Example: The Constitution guarantees due process.
Constitutional provision ensuring fairness.
Example: The claim relied on the due process clause.
Legal fairness required by law.
Example: The case involved due process of law.
Driving under the influence.
Example: He was arrested for DUI.
Properly or officially.
Example: The document was duly signed.
To dispose of improperly.
Example: The company dumped waste.
A copy or to copy.
Example: The file was a duplicate.
Copied.
Example: The record was duplicated.
Copying.
Example: Duplicating documents takes time.
The act of copying.
Example: The process involved duplication.
Repetitive or redundant.
Example: The claim was duplicative.
Instances of deceit or double dealing.
Example: The case involved duplicities.
Deceptive or double.
Example: The conduct was duplicitous.
Deceitfulness or double dealing.
Example: The fraud showed duplicity.
Long-lasting products.
Example: The company sells durable goods.
Authority that continues after incapacity.
Example: She signed a durable power of attorney.
Goods that last over time.
Example: The store sells durables.
During absence.
Example: The appointment was durante absentia.
Coercion by threat.
Example: The contract was signed under duress.
Coercion involving property.
Example: The claim involved duress of goods.
A test for criminal insanity.
Example: The defense used the Durham rule.
Subject to tax.
Example: The goods were dutiable.
Obligations or responsibilities.
Example: The officer performed duties.
A legal obligation.
Example: He owed a duty of care.
Obligation to be honest.
Example: Lawyers owe a duty of candor.
Obligation to avoid harm.
Example: The driver owed a duty of care.
Union duty to represent members fairly.
Example: The union owed this duty.
Obligation to act in another’s best interest.
Example: The trustee owed a duty of loyalty.
A place of residence.
Example: The search involved a dwelling.
Driving while intoxicated.
Example: He was charged with DWI.
Statement made before death about cause.
Example: The court admitted a dying declaration.
Instruction urging a deadlocked jury to decide.
Example: The judge gave a dynamite charge.
A rule limiting defenses against banks.
Example: The court applied the D’Oench doctrine.
A type of corporate restructuring allowed under tax law.
Example: The company completed an E reorganization.
The process of finding electronic information for a legal case.
Example: Emails were collected during e-discovery.
A legal right to use part of someone elses land for a specific purpose.
The utility company had an easement to run power lines across the edge of her backyard.
A right to use land that is assumed based on how the land was used before.
Example: The shared path created an easement by implication.
A right to use land because it is the only way to access your property.
Example: The landlocked owner had an easement by necessity.
A right to use land gained by using it openly over time without permission.
Example: Years of use led to an easement by prescription.
A right to use land that is not tied to owning nearby property.
Example: A utility company has an easement in gross.
Easements connected to land ownership that benefit another property.
Example: The lot included easements appurtenant for access.
To secretly listen to someone’s private conversation.
Example: It is illegal to eavesdrop on private calls.
Secretly listened to a private conversation.
Example: He eavesdropped on the discussion.
A person who secretly listens to others.
Example: The eavesdropper was caught recording.
The act of secretly listening to private conversations.
Example: Eavesdropping can violate privacy laws.
A measure of a company’s earnings before certain costs like taxes and interest.
Example: Investors looked at EBITDA to judge performance.
Short for European Community, a group of European countries working together.
Example: The agreement followed EC guidelines.
A court that deals with religious matters.
Example: The case was heard in an ecclesiastical court.
Laws related to religious organizations and practices.
Example: The dispute involved ecclesiastical law.
Being forced into an agreement because of financial pressure.
Example: He signed the contract under economic duress.
Loss of property value due to outside factors like the economy.
Example: The building lost value due to economic obsolescence.
A law aimed at reducing poverty in the United States.
Example: Programs were created under the Economic Opportunity Act.
A method used to decide if someone is an employee or independent contractor.
Example: The court used the economic realities test.
A law that reduced taxes to help economic growth.
Example: Tax rates changed after the Economic Recovery Tax Act.
A strike over wages, hours, or working conditions.
Example: Workers organized an economic strike for better pay.
Equal Employment Opportunity, rules that prevent workplace discrimination.
Example: The company follows EEO guidelines.
The government agency that enforces workplace discrimination laws.
Example: She filed a complaint with the EEOC.
A result or outcome.
Example: The new law had a positive effect.
In force or working as intended.
Example: The policy became effective immediately.
A valid transfer of rights from one person to another.
Example: The contract allowed an effective assignment.
The ability to produce a result.
Example: They measured the effectiveness of the policy.
Breaking a contract when it is more beneficial to do so and paying damages.
Example: The company chose an efficient breach.
An event that breaks the chain of responsibility in a legal case.
Example: The court found an efficient intervening cause.
A market where prices reflect all available information.
Example: Stocks are traded in an efficient market.
Extremely bad or obvious.
Example: The error was egregious.
The act of leaving a place.
Example: The building must have safe egress.
A rule limiting a workday to eight hours.
Example: Workers are protected by the eight-hour law.
To remove someone from property.
Example: The landlord may eject tenants for violations.
A legal action to remove someone from property.
Example: The owner filed for ejectment.
A rule that general words should be understood based on specific words listed before them.
Example: The court applied ejusdem generis.
The legal rule that limits general terms to similar items listed.
Example: The ejusdem generis rule guided interpretation.
To choose, often by voting.
Example: Citizens elect their leaders.
The act of choosing by vote.
Example: The election was held in November.
Choosing one legal option instead of others.
Example: She made an election of remedies.
Optional or chosen.
Example: The course was elective.
A spouse’s legal right to part of a deceased partner’s estate.
Example: She claimed her elective share.
A person who votes.
Example: Each elector cast a vote.
The system used to elect the U.S. president.
Example: The electoral college determines the winner.
All people eligible to vote.
Example: The electorate turned out in large numbers.
A device used for execution by electricity.
Example: The sentence included the electric chair.
To injure or kill using electricity.
Example: He was electrocuted by faulty wiring.
Injured or killed by electricity.
Example: The worker was electrocuted.
Causing injury or death by electricity.
Example: The exposed wires were electrocuting hazards.
Injury or death caused by electricity.
Example: Safety rules prevent electrocution.
A law protecting electronic communications from unauthorized access.
Example: The case involved the Electronic Communications Privacy Act.
Related to charity or donations.
Example: The organization had an eleemosynary purpose.
A basic part that must be proven in a legal case.
Example: Each element of the claim must be shown.
A law supporting education funding and programs.
Example: Schools benefit from the Elementary and Secondary Education Act.
The specific facts a prosecutor must prove to establish that a crime occurred.
To prove burglary, the state had to show every element, including unlawful entry and intent to steal.
A person appointed to perform a duty when usual officials cannot.
Example: The court appointed an elisor.
To legally free someone from control.
Example: The court may emancipate a minor.
Legally freed from control.
Example: She became an emancipated minor.
The act of setting someone free legally.
Example: The process of emancipating requires court approval.
The act of gaining legal independence.
Example: He filed for emancipation.
To weaken or take away strength.
Example: The changes could emasculate the law.
Weakened or made less effective.
Example: The rule was emasculated over time.
Making something weaker.
Example: The policy was criticized for emasculating protections.
A government order stopping trade with a country.
Example: The embargo limited exports.
Restricted from trade or release.
Example: The goods were embargoed.
Multiple trade restrictions.
Example: Several embargoes were in place.
Placing trade restrictions.
Example: The country was embargoing goods.
To steal money you are trusted to manage.
Example: He was charged with embezzling funds.
Stole entrusted money.
Example: She embezzled company money.
The crime of stealing entrusted money.
Example: He was convicted of embezzlement.
A person who commits embezzlement.
Example: The embezzler was sentenced.
Stealing money you manage.
Example: He was accused of embezzling funds.
Crops grown by a tenant that they have the right to harvest.
Example: The farmer kept the emblements.
A person who tries to improperly influence a jury.
Example: The embraceor interfered with the trial.
Acts of improperly influencing a jury.
Example: The case involved embraceries.
The crime of trying to influence a jury illegally.
Example: He was charged with embracery.
Situations needing immediate action.
Example: Laws may change during emergencies.
A sudden serious situation requiring action.
Example: The doctor responded to the emergency.
A rule that allows different standards during urgent situations.
Example: The court applied the emergency doctrine.
A rule allowing actions without normal requirements in urgent cases.
Example: Police acted under the emergency exception.
A fast court order issued to prevent immediate harm before a full hearing.
She obtained an emergency order of protection the same day she reported her ex for stalking.
The government’s power to take private property for public use with payment.
Example: The land was taken under eminent domain.
People sent to represent others.
Example: The group sent emissaries to negotiate.
A person sent on a special mission.
Example: He acted as an emissary.
Payment or benefit from a job or office.
Example: The position included financial emoluments.
Mental suffering caused by someone’s actions.
Example: She sued for emotional distress.
To select and seat a jury.
Example: The court will empanel a jury.
An older spelling of employee.
Example: The term employe is rarely used today.
A person who works for another for pay.
Example: She is an employee of the company.
A government agency that oversees employee benefit plans.
Example: The case involved the Employee Benefits Security Administration.
A law protecting employee retirement plans.
Example: The plan must follow the Employee Retirement Income Security Act.
A plan that gives employees ownership in a company.
Example: Workers gained shares through an employee stock ownership plan.
A person or business that hires workers.
Example: The employer provided training.
Work done for pay.
Example: She is seeking employment.
A law that sets rules about jobs and workers.
Example: The Employment Act protects workers’ rights.
Taxes related to wages and employment.
Example: Employers must pay employment tax.
To give someone the authority or power to act.
Example: The law aims to empower workers.
When all judges of a court hear a case together.
Example: The case was reviewed en banc.
A legal term meaning “in the mother’s womb.” Example: The child was considered en ventre sa mere.
Example: The child was considered en ventre sa mere.
Allowing something to happen.
Example: The policy was enabling growth.
A law that gives authority to create rules or take action.
Example: The agency was created by an enabling statute.
To make a law official.
Example: The government enacted a new law.
The part of a law that states it is being passed.
Example: The enacting clause begins the bill.
The process of making a law.
Example: The enactment took several months.
To intrude on someone else’s property or rights.
Example: The fence encroached on the neighbor’s land.
An intrusion onto property or rights.
Example: The building caused an encroachment.
To place a claim or restriction on property.
Example: A loan can encumber a house.
Having a claim or restriction.
Example: The property was encumbered by debt.
Adding a restriction or claim.
Example: The lien was encumbering the property.
A claim or liability on property.
Example: The mortgage is an encumbrance.
A person who has a claim on property.
Example: The bank is the encumbrancer.
To put someone or something at risk.
Example: The action could endanger lives.
A law that protects threatened animals and plants.
Example: The species is protected under the Endangered Species Act.
The act of putting at risk.
Example: He was charged with child endangerment.
To sign or approve something.
Example: She endorsed the check.
To sign a document without naming who receives it.
Example: He endorsed the check in blank.
Signed or approved.
Example: The document was endorsed.
A person receiving a signed document.
Example: The endorsee accepted the check.
A signature or approval.
Example: The contract needed endorsement.
A signature without naming a recipient.
Example: The endorsement in blank made it transferable.
A person who signs or approves.
Example: The endorser confirmed the check.
Signing or approving.
Example: She is endorsing the agreement.
To provide money or property.
Example: The donor endowed the school.
Money or property given for ongoing support.
Example: The university has a large endowment.
Insurance that pays after a set time or upon death.
Example: He purchased endowment insurance.
A person captured during conflict who is treated as an opponent.
Example: The suspect was labeled an enemy combatant.
To give land to someone.
Example: The lord enfeoffed the tenant.
The act of giving land.
Example: The enfeoffment was recorded.
To make sure laws are followed.
Example: Police enforce the law.
Able to be legally upheld.
Example: The contract is enforceable.
Made sure something was followed.
Example: The rule was enforced strictly.
The act of making laws followed.
Example: Law enforcement ensures safety.
Making sure rules are followed.
Example: They are enforcing regulations.
To give someone the right to vote.
Example: The law enfranchised new voters.
Given the right to vote.
Example: Citizens were enfranchised.
The act of giving voting rights.
Example: The movement pushed for enfranchisement.
Granting voting rights.
Example: The law is enfranchising citizens.
A Supreme Court case that banned school-sponsored prayer in public schools.
Example: Engel v. Vitale protects separation of church and state.
To prepare a final version of a legal document.
Example: The bill was engrossed before voting.
The final version of a bill ready for approval.
Example: The legislature reviewed the engrossed bill.
The process of finalizing a document.
Example: The bill moved to engrossment.
To legally order someone to stop or do something.
Example: The court may enjoin the activity.
Able to be stopped by court order.
Example: The action was enjoinable.
The right to use property.
Example: He had full enjoyment of the land.
To officially register.
Example: She enrolled in the program.
Officially registered.
Example: He is an enrolled student.
A person authorized to represent taxpayers before the IRS.
Example: She hired an enrolled agent.
The final approved version of a law.
Example: The enrolled bill was signed.
Registering officially.
Example: Students are enrolling now.
The act of registering.
Example: Enrollment increased this year.
To involve or require something.
Example: The job may entail travel.
A restriction on how property is passed down.
Example: The estate had an entailment.
To officially record or begin.
Example: The court entered the judgment.
To agree to something.
Example: They entered into a contract.
Able to be entered legally.
Example: The order was enterable.
A business or organization.
Example: The enterprise expanded.
Holding a business responsible for harm caused by its activities.
Example: The case involved enterprise liability.
Whole or complete.
Example: The entire agreement was reviewed.
A form of joint property ownership by spouses.
Example: The home was owned as entireties.
The whole of something.
Example: The entirety of the contract applies.
Organizations or groups with legal status.
Example: Companies are legal entities.
To give someone a legal right.
Example: The law entitles her to benefits.
Having a legal right.
Example: He is entitled to compensation.
A guaranteed right or benefit.
Example: Social programs are entitlements.
Giving a legal right.
Example: The law is entitling citizens.
A person or organization recognized by law.
Example: A corporation is a legal entity.
To trick someone into committing a crime.
Example: Police cannot entrap suspects.
When law enforcement pressures someone into committing a crime.
Example: The defense argued entrapment.
Tricked into committing a crime.
Example: He claimed he was entrapped.
Tricking someone into wrongdoing.
Example: The officer was accused of entrapping.
Official records.
Example: The entries were logged.
To give responsibility to someone.
Example: She entrusted him with the money.
Giving responsibility to another.
Example: The entrustment created a duty.
The act of entering or recording.
Example: The entry was filed.
Powers specifically listed in a constitution.
Example: Congress has enumerated powers.
Illegal actions harming the environment.
Example: Dumping waste can be an environmental crime.
A report on how a project affects the environment.
Example: The project required an environmental impact statement.
A government agency that protects the environment.
Example: The EPA regulates pollution.
Equal Opportunity Employer, meaning no discrimination in hiring.
Example: The company is an EOE.
Short for Environmental Protection Agency.
Example: The EPA sets standards.
The same in rights or status.
Example: All people are equal under the law.
A government agency that enforces workplace fairness laws.
Example: The complaint was filed with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
Fair access to jobs and opportunities.
Example: The company supports equal opportunity.
A company that does not discriminate in hiring.
Example: The business is an equal opportunity employer.
The right to be treated equally under the law.
Example: The case involved equal protection.
Part of the Constitution that guarantees equal treatment.
Example: The law was challenged under the equal protection clause.
The principle that laws apply equally to everyone.
Example: Citizens are guaranteed equal protection of the law.
Being treated the same under the law.
Example: The law promotes equality.
Tools or items used for work.
Example: The company provided equipment.
Fairness in decisions.
Example: The court considered equitability.
Fair and just.
Example: The solution was equitable.
A situation where a child is treated as adopted even without formal legal steps.
Example: The court recognized equitable adoption.
Property that can only be claimed through fairness in court, not strict legal rules.
Example: The claim involved an equitable asset.
Transferring rights in a way recognized as fair, even if not formal.
Example: The court accepted the equitable assignment.
Treating property as sold once a contract is signed, even before transfer.
Example: The house was considered sold under equitable conversion.
Fair division of property, often in divorce.
Example: The court ordered equitable distribution.
Choosing between rights to achieve fairness.
Example: She made an equitable election.
A right to property recognized by fairness, not formal ownership.
Example: He held an equitable estate.
Preventing someone from going back on a promise if it would be unfair.
Example: The court applied equitable estoppel.
Unfair or misleading actions that harm someone, even without intent.
Example: The case involved equitable fraud.
A right to benefit from property, even if not the legal owner.
Example: She had an equitable interest in the home.
A claim on property created by fairness to secure a debt.
Example: The court placed an equitable lien.
A loan treated like a mortgage based on fairness, even if not formal.
Example: The agreement acted as an equitable mortgage.
A person who benefits from property, even if not the legal owner.
Example: He was the equitable owner.
Recovering money owed by reducing a related claim.
Example: The defendant used equitable recoupment.
A court order requiring action or stopping harm, instead of money damages.
Example: She asked for equitable relief.
Lowering a creditor’s priority to ensure fairness.
Example: The court applied equitable subordination.
Taking another person’s legal rights after paying their debt.
Example: The insurer used equitable subrogation.
The right to use and benefit from property.
Example: He held equitable title to the house.
Extending a legal deadline due to fairness.
Example: The court allowed equitable tolling.
In a fair way.
Example: The property was divided equitably.
Fairness or rights based on justice.
Example: The court weighed the equities.
Fairness in the law.
Example: The decision was based on equity.
Money invested in a business in exchange for ownership.
Example: The company raised equity capital.
A court that focuses on fairness rather than strict law.
Example: The case was heard in an equity court.
A loan based on the value of owned property.
Example: She took out an equity loan.
The right to reclaim property after paying off a debt.
Example: He used his equity of redemption.
A financial asset representing ownership, like stocks.
Example: Shares are equity securities.
Equal in value or meaning.
Example: The two offers were equivalent.
To remove or delete.
Example: The record was erased.
Removed or deleted.
Example: The file was erased.
Removing or deleting.
Example: She is erasing the data.
To build or construct.
Example: They erected a building.
The act of building.
Example: The erection of the structure began.
A rule that federal courts must follow state law in certain cases.
Example: The court applied the Erie doctrine.
A Supreme Court case requiring federal courts to use state law in some cases.
Example: Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins changed federal court rules.
A law protecting employee retirement and benefit plans.
Example: The plan follows ERISA.
To make a mistake.
Example: Judges may err.
Incorrect or mistaken.
Example: The ruling was erroneous.
In a mistaken way.
Example: The data was recorded erroneously.
A mistake.
Example: The error affected the case.
A law that reduced taxes to boost the economy.
Example: ERTA changed tax rules.
A contract term that increases costs over time.
Example: The lease included an escalator clause.
To break free from custody or control.
Example: The suspect tried to escape.
A contract term allowing someone to end the agreement.
Example: The contract had an escape clause.
A person who escapes.
Example: The escapee was caught.
Property going to the state when there is no owner or heir.
Example: The land went to the state by escheat.
Money or property held by a third party until conditions are met.
Example: The payment was held in escrow.
The person holding escrow funds.
Example: The escrowee managed the deposit.
A plan that gives employees ownership in a company.
Example: Workers benefited from an ESOP.
Spying to get secret information.
Example: He was charged with espionage.
A law against spying and sharing national secrets.
Example: The case involved the Espionage Act.
A title used for lawyers.
Example: Jane Smith, Esq.
A title used for attorneys.
Example: He signed as John Doe, Esquire.
The most important part.
Example: Time was of the essence.
A rule used to interpret agreements based on their main purpose.
Example: The court applied the essence test.
A key part that must be proven in a case.
Example: Intent is an essential element.
To set up or prove.
Example: The plaintiff must establish facts.
The act of setting up.
Example: The establishment of the rule took time.
A constitutional rule preventing government support of religion.
Example: The law was challenged under the establishment clause.
All property and assets a person owns.
Example: The estate included a house and savings.
When someone stays on property without permission after a lease ends.
Example: The tenant became an estate at sufferance.
A tenancy that can be ended at any time.
Example: The lease was an estate at will.
Property owned jointly by spouses.
Example: The couple held the home as estate by the entirety.
Property rented for a set time.
Example: The lease created an estate for years.
A future interest in property.
Example: He had an estate in expectancy.
Property that can be passed to heirs.
Example: The land was an estate of inheritance.
Property ownership depending on a condition.
Example: The estate on condition required upkeep.
A professional who helps manage assets for the future.
Example: She consulted an estate planner.
Preparing for how assets will be handled after death.
Example: Estate planning protects families.
Property held for the life of another person.
Example: The lease was estate pur autre vie.
Property passed only to direct descendants.
Example: The land was held in estate tail.
A tax on property after death.
Example: The estate tax applied to large assets.
Taxes paid in advance based on expected income.
Example: He paid estimated tax quarterly.
To stop someone from denying something due to past actions.
Example: The court may estop the claim.
A rule preventing someone from contradicting earlier actions.
Example: Estoppel blocked his argument.
Preventing denial of statements made in a deed.
Example: The court applied estoppel by deed.
Preventing re-arguing a decided issue.
Example: The case involved estoppel by judgment.
Preventing denial when someone stayed silent but should have spoken.
Example: The court found estoppel by silence.
Preventing issues already decided by a jury from being retried.
Example: Estoppel by verdict applied.
Another term for equitable estoppel.
Example: The case used estoppel in pais.
The right to use natural resources from land, like wood.
Example: The tenant had estovers rights.
Means “and others.” Example: Smith et al. filed the case.
Example: Smith et al. filed the case.
Latin meaning “and wife.” Example: The deed listed John Doe et ux.
Example: The deed listed John Doe et ux.
Latin meaning “and husband.” Example: The document read Jane Doe et vir.
Example: The document read Jane Doe et vir.
A fund traded on stock exchanges.
Example: She invested in an ETF.
Following moral rules.
Example: The lawyer acted ethically.
A factor involving right and wrong.
Example: The case raised ethical considerations.
In a morally correct way.
Example: He acted ethically.
Moral principles guiding behavior.
Example: Lawyers must follow ethics.
A law promoting honesty in government.
Example: The act requires disclosures.
Zoning that separates land uses into categories.
Example: The city uses Euclidean zoning.
Money deposited in banks outside its home country.
Example: The bank dealt in Eurocurrencies.
Money deposited in a bank outside the country where it is normally used.
Example: The company used Eurocurrency accounts.
U.S. dollars held in banks outside the United States.
Example: The bank handled Eurodollars.
The act of ending a life to relieve suffering.
Example: The case involved euthanasia laws.
Related to ending life to relieve suffering.
Example: The decision was euthanasic in nature.
To avoid something, often illegally.
Example: He tried to evade taxes.
The act of avoiding a law or obligation.
Example: Tax evasion is illegal.
Avoiding clear answers.
Example: His response was evasive.
Something that happens.
Example: The event triggered legal action.
To remove someone from property legally.
Example: The landlord may evict tenants.
The legal removal of a tenant.
Example: The eviction followed missed payments.
Information used to prove something in court.
Example: The lawyer presented evidence.
The main evidence presented first in a case.
Example: The witness gave evidence in chief.
Related to evidence.
Example: The issue was evidentiary.
A fact used to help prove another fact.
Example: The email was an evidentiary fact.
Improper evidence meant to unfairly influence a jury.
Example: The lawyer objected to an evidentiary harpoon.
Deciding a case based on fairness rather than strict law.
Example: The judge ruled ex aequo et bono.
Arising from a contract.
Example: The claim was ex contractu.
Arising from a wrongful act.
Example: The claim was ex delicto.
Based on appearance alone.
Example: The claim seemed valid ex facie.
Holding a position because of another role.
Example: She served ex officio on the board.
Involving only one side in a legal case.
Example: The judge issued an ex parte order.
Making something illegal after it was done.
Example: The law cannot be ex post facto.
A constitutional rule banning retroactive laws.
Example: The case cited the ex post facto clause.
A law that punishes actions after they occurred.
Example: Such laws are not allowed.
Meaning “on behalf of.” Example: The case was filed ex rel.
Example: The case was filed ex rel.
Meaning former.
Example: He is an ex-employee.
Without the right to receive a declared dividend.
Example: The stock was sold ex-dividend.
Rights related to previously issued stock warrants.
Example: The investor held ex-warrants.
Short for “example.” Example: Ex. shows how the rule works.
The questioning of a witness.
Example: The attorney began examination.
To question or inspect.
Example: The lawyer examined the witness.
A person who questions or investigates.
Example: The examiner reviewed the case.
To leave out.
Example: All items were included except one.
Something excluded from a rule.
Example: There is an exception to the law.
More than what is allowed.
Example: The fee was in excess of limits.
Too much or unreasonable.
Example: The fine was excessive.
A court decision awarding too much money.
Example: The appeal argued an excessive verdict.
The act of trading goods or money.
Example: The exchange was completed.
A fund traded on a stock exchange.
Example: She invested in an exchange-traded fund.
A government office managing money.
Example: The funds came from the exchequer.
A tax on specific goods.
Example: Tobacco is subject to excise.
A tax on certain products like gas or alcohol.
Example: The excise tax increased prices.
A statement made in stress that can be used as evidence.
Example: The statement qualified as an excited utterance.
Able to be left out.
Example: The evidence was excludable.
To leave out.
Example: The judge may exclude evidence.
The act of leaving something out.
Example: The exclusion of evidence affected the case.
A rule that prevents illegally obtained evidence from being used in court.
Example: The evidence was barred by the exclusionary rule.
Zoning that limits who can live in an area.
Example: The policy was called exclusionary zoning.
Limited to one person or group.
Example: They had exclusive rights.
A contract where one agent represents a seller, but the seller can still sell independently.
Example: The listing was an exclusive agency.
A property listing with one agent but allowing owner sales.
Example: The home had an exclusive agency listing.
The only person allowed to act on behalf of another.
Example: She was the exclusive agent.
A right to use land that excludes others.
Example: The driveway was an exclusive easement.
When only one court has authority over a case.
Example: Federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction.
A contract where an agent earns commission no matter who sells the property.
Example: The contract was an exclusive right to sell listing.
Zoning rules that limit certain groups or uses.
Example: The area had exclusive zoning.
To clear from blame.
Example: The evidence may exculpate him.
The act of removing blame.
Example: The case led to exculpation.
Tending to show innocence.
Example: The lawyer presented exculpatory evidence.
Evidence that helps prove someone is not guilty.
Example: The prosecutor must share exculpatory evidence.
A rule about false denials to government agents.
Example: The defense cited the exculpatory no doctrine.
Able to be forgiven.
Example: The mistake was excusable.
A killing considered legally justified or accidental.
Example: The court ruled it excusable homicide.
A reasonable failure to meet a deadline.
Example: The court accepted excusable neglect.
Being officially released from a duty.
Example: He requested excusal from jury duty.
A reason for not meeting a requirement.
Example: She gave an excuse for being late.
To carry out or sign a legal document.
Example: They executed the contract.
Completed or signed.
Example: The agreement was executed.
A trust where terms are fully carried out.
Example: The trust was executed.
Carrying out a court order or judgment.
Example: The execution of the judgment began.
Selling property to satisfy a debt.
Example: The home was sold at execution sale.
A person who carries out a death sentence.
Example: The executioner performed the duty.
A person with authority in government or business.
Example: The executive made the decision.
An agreement made by the president without Senate approval.
Example: The countries signed an executive agreement.
Protection for government officials from certain lawsuits.
Example: The president claimed executive immunity.
A directive issued by the president.
Example: The policy came from an executive order.
The authority to enforce laws.
Example: The Constitution grants executive power.
The right to keep certain communications private.
Example: The president invoked executive privilege.
A private meeting.
Example: The board met in executive session.
A person who carries out a will.
Example: She was named executor.
Money set aside to manage an estate.
Example: The executor fund covered expenses.
Not yet completed.
Example: The contract is executory.
An agreement to settle a claim in the future.
Example: They reached an executory accord.
A contract with duties still to be completed.
Example: The lease is an executory contract.
A future property interest that will take effect later.
Example: The will created an executory devise.
A future right to property.
Example: He held an executory interest.
A condition that shifts property rights to another.
Example: The deed included an executory limitation.
A future property interest that takes effect after another interest ends.
Example: The will created an executory remainder.
A trust that still needs actions to be completed.
Example: The trust is still executory.
A woman who carries out a will.
Example: She was named executrix of the estate.
Money awarded to punish wrongdoing.
Example: The court awarded exemplary damages.
Not required or free from an obligation.
Example: Some workers are exempt from overtime.
A financial asset not subject to certain regulations.
Example: The bond is an exempted security.
Freedom from a requirement or rule.
Example: He qualified for a tax exemption.
To use a right.
Example: She exercised her right to vote.
To use up completely.
Example: He must exhaust all options.
The use of all available options.
Example: The case involved exhaustion of rights.
Using all legal options before going to court.
Example: She completed exhaustion of remedies.
Evidence shown in court.
Example: The document was marked as an exhibit.
An urgent need or situation.
Example: The exigency required quick action.
Emergency conditions allowing immediate action.
Example: Police acted due to exigent circumstances.
To clear someone of blame.
Example: New evidence may exonerate him.
The act of clearing someone of blame.
Example: The case ended in exoneration.
To leave one’s country.
Example: He chose to expatriate.
The act of leaving one’s country.
Example: Expatriation changed his status.
A future interest or expected benefit.
Example: She had an expectancy in the estate.
Money awarded for expected losses.
Example: The court granted expectancy damages.
Money to put someone in the position they expected from a contract.
Example: He received expectation damages.
The belief that something is private.
Example: The case involved expectation of privacy.
Money spent.
Example: The project required large expenditure.
A cost.
Example: Travel was an expense.
A person with special knowledge.
Example: The expert testified in court.
A specialist who gives opinions in court.
Example: The expert witness explained the evidence.
To send goods to another country.
Example: The company exports products.
To reveal something.
Example: The report exposed fraud.
Being at risk of harm or liability.
Example: The company faced legal exposure.
Clearly stated.
Example: The contract had express terms.
An agency created by clear agreement.
Example: They formed an express agency.
Authority clearly given to someone.
Example: She acted with express authority.
A condition clearly stated in a contract.
Example: Payment was an express condition.
A contract with clearly stated terms.
Example: They signed an express contract.
Intent to harm.
Example: The crime involved express malice.
Clear, direct information given.
Example: He received express notice.
A trust clearly created by someone.
Example: The will formed an express trust.
A clear promise about a product.
Example: The seller gave an express warranty.
For the government to take property.
Example: The state may expropriate land.
Government taking of property.
Example: The case involved expropriation.
To erase a record.
Example: He asked to expunge his record.
The removal of a record.
Example: She received expungement.
Extra time given.
Example: She requested an extension.
To end or cancel.
Example: The debt was extinguished.
The ending of a right or claim.
Example: The contract led to extinguishment.
To obtain something through threats.
Example: He tried to extort money.
The crime of using threats to get something.
Example: He was charged with extortion.
Involving threats to get something.
Example: The behavior was extortive.
To take something out, often by force or effort.
Example: They extracted information from records.
Able to be sent back to another country for trial.
Example: The crime was extraditable.
To send someone to another country for trial.
Example: The suspect was extradited.
The process of sending someone to another country for trial.
Example: The case involved extradition.
A legal order to return someone to another country.
Example: The court issued an extradition warrant.
Outside the court system.
Example: The decision was extrajudicial.
Outside the law.
Example: The actions were extralegal.
Unusual or beyond normal.
Example: The court granted extraordinary relief.
A large, unusual payment to shareholders.
Example: The company issued an extraordinary dividend.
A special legal action used in rare situations.
Example: The court granted an extraordinary remedy.
A rare court order for urgent issues.
Example: The lawyer requested an extraordinary writ.
Extending beyond a country’s borders.
Example: The law has extraterritorial effect.
The ability of laws to apply outside a country.
Example: The case involved extraterritoriality.
Serious harmful behavior, often in marriage or family law.
Example: The divorce cited extreme cruelty.
Coming from outside.
Example: The factor was extrinsic.
Evidence from outside a document or agreement.
Example: The court reviewed extrinsic evidence.
Deception that prevents a fair trial.
Example: The case involved extrinsic fraud.
A person who sees an event happen.
Example: The eyewitness testified in court.
A term showing when ownership transfers during shipping.
Example: The contract was F.O.B. shipping point.
Federal Aviation Administration, the agency that regulates air travel.
Example: The FAA sets flight safety rules.
To make up or invent something, often falsely.
Example: He was accused of fabricating evidence.
The visible surface or front of something.
Example: The contract listed the face terms.
The stated value of a policy or financial document.
Example: The insurance paid the face amount.
The value shown on a document or security.
Example: The bond was sold at face value.
Based on appearance alone.
Example: The claim was facially valid.
To make something easier.
Example: The law helps facilitate agreements.
The act of making something easier.
Example: The program supports facilitation.
A contract term allowing payment to someone other than the main person owed.
Example: The policy included a facility of payment clause.
Something proven to be true.
Example: The case depends on the facts.
Stating detailed facts in a legal claim.
Example: The complaint used fact pleading.
A person or group that decides facts in a case.
Example: The jury is the factfinder.
The process of determining facts.
Example: The investigation involved factfinding.
An element that influences a result.
Example: Cost was a major factor.
Selling accounts receivable for immediate cash.
Example: The company used factoring.
A claim over goods held by a factor until paid.
Example: The factor had a lien on the goods.
Based on facts.
Example: The report was factual.
When a crime cannot be completed due to facts, but intent still exists.
Example: The defense argued factual impossibility.
A written summary of legal arguments.
Example: The lawyer submitted a factum.
Insurance where the reinsurer can accept or reject each risk.
Example: The policy used facultative reinsurance.
To not succeed.
Example: The claim may fail.
Lack of success.
Example: The failure led to damages.
When a promised exchange is not fulfilled.
Example: The contract failed due to failure of consideration.
When someone dies without heirs.
Example: The estate passed due to failure of issue.
Just and reasonable.
Example: The decision was fair.
A defense allowing opinions on matters of public interest.
Example: The statement qualified as fair comment.
A reasonable exchange of value.
Example: The deal involved fair consideration.
A law regulating credit reports.
Example: The case involved the Fair Credit Reporting Act.
Fair use of copyrighted material in limited cases.
Example: The use fell under fair dealing.
A chance to present your case.
Example: She received a fair hearing.
A law setting minimum wage and work hours.
Example: The law follows the Fair Labor Standards Act.
The price something would sell for on the open market.
Example: The home was valued at fair market value.
A legal standard for fairness in court jurisdiction.
Example: The case met fair play and substantial justice.
Equal and proper representation of people.
Example: The union owed fair representation.
Trade practices promoting fairness.
Example: The company supports fair trade.
A legal process that is impartial and just.
Example: Everyone has a right to a fair trial.
Limited use of copyrighted material without permission.
Example: The quote qualified as fair use.
A reasonable value based on facts.
Example: The stock was sold at fair value.
Notice that behavior is illegal.
Example: The law must give fair warning.
An agreement ensuring fair trading conditions.
Example: The countries signed a fair-trade agreement.
Being just and reasonable.
Example: The court considered fairness.
A rule requiring balanced viewpoints in media
Example: The fairness doctrine guided broadcasts.
Trust or belief.
Example: The agreement relied on good faith.
A rule limiting how much of an estate can be given away.
Example: The will followed the Falcidian portion.
Not true.
Example: The statement was false.
Misleading claims about a product.
Example: The company was sued for false advertising.
Holding someone without legal reason.
Example: He filed a claim for false arrest.
Restricting someone’s freedom without legal authority.
Example: The case involved false imprisonment.
Presenting someone in a misleading way.
Example: She sued for false light.
Getting something through lies.
Example: He was charged with false pretenses.
A promise made without intent to keep it.
Example: The contract involved a false promise.
A false statement of fact.
Example: The deal involved false representation.
A knowingly untrue statement.
Example: He made a false statement.
Lying under oath.
Example: She was charged with false swearing.
The act of altering information.
Example: The case involved falsification.
To change or alter dishonestly.
Example: He falsified records.
A group related by blood, marriage, or law.
Example: Family law protects relationships.
Holding a car owner responsible for family members’ driving.
Example: The case used the family car doctrine.
A court handling family matters.
Example: The case was heard in family court.
Law dealing with family relationships.
Example: She practices family law.
A business owned by family members.
Example: They formed a family limited partnership.
A partnership between family members.
Example: The business was a family partnership.
Holding a car owner liable for family use of the car.
Example: The claim used the family purpose doctrine.
A government-backed company that supports mortgages.
Example: The loan was backed by Fannie Mae.
A government agency supporting farm loans.
Example: The Farm Credit Administration regulates lenders.
Causing death.
Example: The injury was fatal.
A hearing to decide facts before sentencing.
Example: The judge held a Fatico hearing.
Responsibility for wrongdoing.
Example: The court determined fault.
Approval or support.
Example: The ruling was in her favor.
Federal Bureau of Investigation, a federal law enforcement agency.
Example: The FBI investigated the case.
Food and Drug Administration, which regulates food and medicine.
Example: The FDA approved the drug.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which protects bank deposits.
Example: The FDIC insures accounts.
Requiring unnecessary workers.
Example: The union was accused of featherbedding.
Informal term for the federal government.
Example: The case involved the Fed.
Related to the national government.
Example: The case was heard in federal court.
The agency that regulates air travel.
Example: The FAA sets safety rules.
A federal law enforcement agency.
Example: The FBI handled the investigation.
A federal appeals court with specialized cases.
Example: The case went to the Federal Circuit.
The agency that regulates communications.
Example: The FCC oversees broadcasting.
A court that handles national law cases.
Example: The lawsuit was filed in federal court.
The agency that protects bank deposits.
Example: The FDIC insures accounts.
The agency that enforces election laws.
Example: The complaint went to the Federal Election Commission.
An agency that supports home loans.
Example: The loan was backed by the FHA.
An agency that oversees housing finance.
Example: The FHFA regulates mortgage markets.
When federal law overrides state law.
Example: The court found federal preemption.
A legal issue involving federal law.
Example: The case raised a federal question.
A court’s power to hear federal law cases.
Example: The court had federal question jurisdiction.
The official record of government rules.
Example: The rule was published in the Federal Register.
The central banking system of the U.S.
Example: The Federal Reserve System controls monetary policy.
Rules for civil court cases.
Example: The case followed the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
Rules about what evidence can be used in court.
Example: The judge applied the Federal Rules of Evidence.
A law allowing lawsuits against the government.
Example: The claim was filed under the Federal Tort Claims Act.
An agency that protects consumers and competition.
Example: The FTC filed the case.
A system where power is shared between national and state governments.
Example: The issue involved federalism.
A payment for services.
Example: She paid a legal fee.
Full ownership of property.
Example: He owned the land in fee simple.
Complete ownership with no conditions.
Example: The property was fee simple absolute.
Ownership that ends when a condition is broken.
Example: The land was fee simple determinable.
Ownership that can be taken back if a condition is violated.
Example: The deed created this condition.
Property passed only to descendants.
Example: The estate was fee tail.
A rule limiting employer liability for worker injuries caused by coworkers.
Example: The case involved the fellow-servant rule.
A person convicted of a serious crime.
Example: The felon was sentenced.
A serious crime.
Example: Theft can be a felony.
A killing during a serious crime.
Example: He was charged with felony murder.
To sell stolen goods.
Example: He was charged with fencing property.
To give land to someone.
Example: The land was feoffed.
A person who receives land.
Example: The feoffee took ownership.
The act of giving land.
Example: The feoffment was recorded.
A person who gives land.
Example: The feoffor transferred the land.
Wild animals not owned until captured.
Example: The animal was ferae naturae.
A rule limiting lawsuits by military members against the government.
Example: The case was barred by the Feres doctrine.
The killing of a fetus.
Example: The law addressed feticide.
Federal Housing Administration.
Example: The FHA insured the loan.
An official order or decision.
Example: The judge issued a fiat.
A law requiring payroll taxes for Social Security and Medicare.
Example: FICA taxes were deducted.
Something assumed to be true for legal purposes.
Example: The law used a legal fiction.
A false or assumed name used in business.
Example: The company filed a fictitious name.
A fake person listed to receive payment.
Example: The check named a fictitious payee.
Faithfulness or trust.
Example: The employee showed fidelity.
Insurance against employee dishonesty.
Example: The company had a fidelity bond.
A person trusted to act for another.
Example: The trustee is a fiduciary.
The duty to act in someone else’s best interest.
Example: The lawyer owed a fiduciary duty.
A relationship based on trust and responsibility.
Example: The client and lawyer have a fiduciary relationship.
A court order to seize property to pay a debt.
Example: The court issued a fi. fa.
First in, first out; an accounting method.
Example: The company uses FIFO.
Words that can provoke immediate violence.
Example: The speech involved fighting words.
To submit a document officially.
Example: She filed the complaint.
A record of documents filed during a patent process.
Example: The lawyer reviewed the file wrapper.
A rule limiting patent claims based on past filings.
Example: The argument used file wrapper estoppel.
To legally recognize a parent-child relationship.
Example: The court may filiate the child to the father.
The legal relationship between parent and child.
Example: The case determined filiation.
A tactic to delay or block a vote through long debate.
Example: The senator used a filibuster.
Submitting documents to a court or agency.
Example: The filing was completed on time.
A payment required to submit documents.
Example: She paid the filing fee.
A child with no legal parent.
Example: The child was considered filius nullius.
Not able to be changed.
Example: The decision was final.
The last statement made in court.
Example: The lawyer gave a final argument.
The court’s last decision in a case.
Example: The judge issued a final judgment.
Only final decisions can usually be appealed.
Example: The appeal followed the final judgment rule.
A court’s final decision.
Example: The case ended with a final order.
The management of money.
Example: The case involved finance issues.
A business that provides loans.
Example: The loan came from a finance company.
A lease where the user takes on most ownership responsibilities.
Example: The equipment was under a finance lease.
A law requiring proof of ability to pay for damages.
Example: Drivers must follow financial responsibility laws.
A report showing financial condition.
Example: The bank reviewed the financial statement.
A document showing a secured interest in property.
Example: The lender filed a financing statement.
To decide or determine.
Example: The jury will find the facts.
A person who discovers something.
Example: The finder reported the property.
A person or group deciding facts in a case.
Example: The jury is the finder of fact.
A decision made by a court.
Example: The finding supported the claim.
A decision about what happened.
Example: The judge made a finding of fact.
A decision about how the law applies.
Example: The court issued a finding of law.
A monetary penalty.
Example: He paid a fine.
Small text with important details.
Example: The fine print limited liability.
A unique mark used for identification.
Example: The fingerprint was evidence.
A rule limiting lawsuits by emergency workers injured on duty.
Example: The claim was barred by the fireman’s rule.
A business organization.
Example: She works at a law firm.
An offer that must stay open for a set time.
Example: The contract included a firm offer.
The most serious level of a crime.
Example: He was charged with first degree murder.
A legal issue not previously decided.
Example: The case was one of first impression.
The first claim on property for payment.
Example: The bank held the first lien.
The primary loan on property.
Example: The home had a first mortgage.
A person with no prior offenses.
Example: He was treated as a first offender.
Intentional and planned killing.
Example: The charge was first-degree murder.
Related to money or finances.
Example: The policy was fiscal.
A one-year accounting period.
Example: The fiscal year ended in June.
Searching for evidence without clear reason.
Example: The court denied the fishing expedition.
To set or determine.
Example: The court fixed the amount.
Long-term property like buildings or equipment.
Example: The company owns fixed assets.
An interest rate that does not change.
Example: The loan had a fixed rate.
A home loan with a constant interest rate.
Example: She chose a fixed rate mortgage.
Property attached to land or a building.
Example: The sink is a fixture.
Being caught in the act of wrongdoing.
Example: He was caught in flagrante delicto.
A strict rule with no exceptions.
Example: The court applied a flat rule.
Funds available for use before final settlement.
Example: The bank used float funds.
A claim on changing property like inventory.
Example: The lender had a floating lien.
A loan with a changing interest rate.
Example: The bond was a floating rate note.
A situation where one case may lead to many more.
Example: The ruling could open the floodgate.
The lowest limit.
Example: The law set a price floor.
Financing for inventory.
Example: The dealer used floor planning.
Property lost at sea.
Example: The items were considered flotsam.
A bond used to pay estate taxes.
Example: The estate used a flower bond.
Freedom of Information Act, allowing access to government records.
Example: She filed a FOIA request.
A page number or record entry.
Example: The document listed a folio.
To obey or comply.
Example: The company must follow regulations.
The agency that regulates food, medicine, and health products.
Example: The FDA approved the drug.
A law regulating food, drugs, and cosmetics.
Example: The product was approved under the Act.
In support of or in favor of.
Example: The ruling was for the plaintiff.
Done in exchange for payment.
Example: The driver worked for hire.
Choosing not to enforce a right or debt.
Example: The lender granted forbearance.
Power or strength used against someone.
Example: The act involved force.
Full legal power.
Example: The law is in full force and effect.
An unexpected event preventing contract performance.
Example: The delay was due to force majeure.
A contract term covering unexpected events.
Example: The contract included a force majeure clause.
A person who must receive part of an estate by law.
Example: The child is a forced heir.
Work done against someone’s will.
Example: The case involved forced labor.
A sale required by law or court order.
Example: The house was sold in a forced sale.
The portion of an estate required to go to certain heirs.
Example: The spouse received a forced share.
Entering property by force.
Example: He was charged with forcible entry.
A legal action to remove someone from property.
Example: The landlord filed for forcible entry and detainer.
To take property after failure to pay a loan.
Example: The bank may foreclose.
The process of taking property due to unpaid debt.
Example: The home went into foreclosure.
Selling property after foreclosure.
Example: The house was sold at a foreclosure sale.
Related to another country.
Example: The case involved foreign law.
A company operating outside its home state or country.
Example: It was registered as a foreign corporation.
The leader of a jury.
Example: The foreperson announced the verdict.
Related to legal investigation or evidence.
Example: The report was forensic.
Whether something could be predicted.
Example: The harm was foreseeable.
Able to be predicted.
Example: The risk was foreseeable.
To lose a right or property as a penalty.
Example: He forfeited his claim.
Loss of property or rights as punishment.
Example: The case involved forfeiture.
To create something falsely, like a signature.
Example: He forged the document.
The crime of making false documents.
Example: She was charged with forgery.
The structure or format of something.
Example: The contract followed proper form.
A yearly financial report filed by companies.
Example: The company submitted a Form 10-K.
The type of legal claim used.
Example: The form of action mattered.
A contract requiring a specific form.
Example: The agreement was a formal contract.
A process where agencies create rules with hearings.
Example: The agency used formal rulemaking.
A decision already made in a previous case.
Example: The issue was decided by former adjudication.
Being tried twice for the same crime
Example: The defense argued former jeopardy.
Statements made in earlier legal proceedings.
Example: The court admitted former testimony.
Consensual sexual activity between unmarried people.
Example: Some laws once addressed fornication.
To give up or deny something under oath.
Example: He forswore his claim.
An unexpected event.
Example: The loss was due to a fortuitous event.
A court or place for resolving disputes.
Example: The case was filed in the proper forum.
When a court declines a case for a more appropriate location.
Example: The case was dismissed for forum non conveniens.
A contract term choosing where disputes will be heard.
Example: The contract had a forum selection clause.
Choosing a court thought to be most favorable.
Example: The lawyer was accused of forum shopping.
An agreement to buy or sell later at a set price.
Example: The company used a forward contract.
A temporary home for children.
Example: The child was placed in a foster home.
Basic support for evidence.
Example: The lawyer laid a foundation.
Interpreting a document based only on its contents.
Example: The court applied the four corners rule.
A false accusation.
Example: He claimed it was a frame-up.
A business allowed to operate under another’s name.
Example: She owns a franchise.
A tax on businesses for operating.
Example: The company paid franchise tax.
A person who runs a franchise.
Example: The franchisee opened a store.
The owner who grants franchise rights.
Example: The franchisor set the rules.
A hearing to challenge false statements in a warrant.
Example: The defense requested a Franks hearing.
Killing one’s brother.
Example: The case involved fratricide.
Intentional deception for gain.
Example: He was charged with fraud.
Intentional deception.
Example: The claim showed fraud in fact.
Fraud assumed by law, even without intent.
Example: The transfer was fraud in law.
Being tricked about what you are signing.
Example: He claimed fraud in the execution.
Being tricked into agreeing to something.
Example: The contract involved fraud in the inducement.
Deception that harms the court’s fairness.
Example: The case involved fraud on the court.
A rule that investors rely on market prices being honest.
Example: The lawsuit used fraud on the market theory.
Another term for fraud.
Example: The case involved fraude.
Involving deception.
Example: The act was fraudulent.
Hiding important information.
Example: The claim involved fraudulent concealment.
Transferring property to avoid creditors.
Example: The transfer was fraudulent conveyance.
A rule protecting religious practices.
Example: The law was challenged under the free exercise clause.
The right to act without unfair limits.
Example: The law protects freedom.
The right to join groups.
Example: The Constitution protects freedom of association.
The right to make agreements.
Example: Businesses rely on freedom of contract.
The right to share ideas.
Example: The case involved freedom of expression.
A law allowing access to government records.
Example: She filed under the Freedom of Information Act.
The right to practice religion.
Example: The Constitution protects freedom of religion.
The right to speak freely.
Example: The case involved freedom of speech.
The right to publish information.
Example: Journalists rely on freedom of the press.
Ownership of land for an unlimited time.
Example: He owned the property as freehold.
A person who gives advice to a court.
Example: The group filed as a friend of the court.
Extra benefits from a job.
Example: Health insurance is a fringe benefit.
To search a person for weapons.
Example: The officer frisked the suspect.
Lacking serious legal purpose.
Example: The court dismissed the frivolous claim.
Property facing a street or area.
Example: The lot has road frontage.
Evidence obtained illegally and not allowed in court.
Example: The evidence was excluded as fruit of the poisonous tree.
To prevent a contract from being completed.
Example: The event frustrated the agreement.
When a contract cannot be completed due to events.
Example: The contract ended by frustration.
A rule for allowing scientific evidence.
Example: The court applied the Frye test.
Federal Trade Commission.
Example: The FTC investigated the company.
Federal Tort Claims Act.
Example: The claim was filed under the FTCA.
A person escaping the law.
Example: The fugitive was captured.
A warrant for someone fleeing justice.
Example: The court issued a fugitive warrant.
Respecting other states’ legal decisions.
Example: The judgment received full faith and credit.
A constitutional rule requiring states to honor each other’s laws.
Example: The clause applied to the case.
A basic right protected by law.
Example: Voting is a fundamental right.
Interchangeable with identical items.
Example: Money is fungible.
Goods that are identical and replaceable.
Example: Grain is fungible goods.
A right to property in the future.
Example: He held a future interest.
An agreement to buy or sell later at a set price.
Example: The investor bought a futures contract.
A law providing benefits to veterans.
Example: Veterans used the G.I. Bill.
Standard rules used for financial reporting.
Example: The company followed GAAP.
A court order limiting what can be said publicly.
Example: The judge issued a gag order.
A rule limiting discussion of certain topics.
Example: The policy acted as a gag rule.
Profit or increase in value.
Example: He reported a financial gain.
Sharing profits with employees.
Example: The company offered gainsharing.
Guardian ad litem, a person appointed to represent someone in court.
Example: The GAL represented the child.
To risk money or something of value.
Example: It is illegal to gamble in some areas.
Risking money on chance.
Example: The case involved illegal gambling.
A group involved in criminal activity.
Example: The gang was investigated.
Government Accountability Office, which reviews government spending.
Example: The GAO released a report.
An old word for jail.
Example: He was sent to gaol.
A rule used to fill missing terms in a contract.
Example: The court used a gap-filler.
To take money from wages to pay a debt.
Example: The court ordered wages to be garnished.
A person or company holding money owed to a debtor.
Example: The employer was the garnishee.
Taking money directly from wages to pay a debt.
Example: The case involved wage garnishment.
An international agreement to reduce trade barriers.
Example: Countries followed GATT rules.
Treating someone unfairly based on gender.
Example: The case involved gender discrimination.
Broad or not specific.
Example: The rule was general.
Authority to act in many matters for another person.
Example: He had general agency authority.
A person with broad authority to act for another.
Example: She acted as a general agent.
Appearing in court without challenging jurisdiction.
Example: He made a general appearance.
A legislative body.
Example: The law was passed by the general assembly.
Transferring all assets to pay debts.
Example: The company made a general assignment.
A gift of general property in a will.
Example: The will included a general bequest.
A person who oversees a construction project.
Example: The general contractor managed the build.
The main lawyer for an organization.
Example: She serves as general counsel.
A creditor without a secured interest.
Example: He was a general creditor.
Compensation for non-financial harm.
Example: The court awarded general damages.
A response denying all claims.
Example: The defendant filed a general denial.
Money placed in a bank that the bank can use.
Example: The account was a general deposit.
A regular election for public offices.
Example: The general election was in November.
Intent to perform an act, without specific outcome intent.
Example: The crime required general intent.
A court’s power to hear many types of cases.
Example: The court had general jurisdiction.
Law that applies broadly.
Example: The rule was general law.
A claim on all property for a debt.
Example: The creditor had a general lien.
A partner with full responsibility in a business.
Example: He is a general partner.
A business owned by partners sharing responsibility.
Example: They formed a general partnership.
Authority to act on someone’s behalf broadly.
Example: She granted general power of attorney.
A law applying to many situations.
Example: The issue involved a general statute.
A jury decision without detailed explanation.
Example: The jury gave a general verdict.
A broad search warrant without limits.
Example: General warrants are not allowed.
A constitutional rule allowing spending for public benefit.
Example: The law relied on the general welfare clause.
A tax on transfers to grandchildren or later generations.
Example: The estate owed generation-skipping tax.
The deliberate killing of a group of people.
Example: The crime was genocide.
A real dispute in a case.
Example: There was a genuine issue of fact.
The area where goods or services compete.
Example: The case defined the geographic market.
To redraw districts for political advantage.
Example: The state was accused of gerrymandering.
Manipulating district boundaries for advantage.
Example: The case involved gerrymandering.
A Supreme Court case about federal control of commerce.
Example: Gibbons v. Ogden expanded federal power.
A Supreme Court case giving the right to a lawyer.
Example: Gideon v. Wainwright guarantees counsel.
Property given without payment.
Example: She received a gift.
A gift made expecting death.
Example: He made a gift causa mortis.
A gift made during someone’s lifetime.
Example: The transfer was a gift inter vivos.
A gift that goes to someone else if a condition is met.
Example: The will included a gift over.
A tax on money or property given as a gift.
Example: She paid gift tax on the transfer.
A government agency that supports mortgage markets.
Example: The loan was backed by Ginnie Mae.
The main point of a case or claim.
Example: The gist of the claim was fraud.
A Supreme Court case applying free speech protections to states.
Example: Gitlow v. New York expanded rights.
To transfer ownership without payment.
Example: She gave the property as a gift.
Transferring property to satisfy a debt.
Example: The debt was settled by giving in payment.
A law separating banking activities.
Example: The law regulated financial institutions.
Gross national product, the total value of goods and services produced by a country.
Example: The GNP increased this year.
To continue with a case or action.
Example: The trial will go forward.
A rule limiting employer liability for travel to and from work.
Example: The injury fell under the going and coming rule.
A business expected to continue operating.
Example: The company was a going concern.
When a public company becomes privately owned.
Example: The firm announced going private.
Large benefits given to executives leaving a company.
Example: The CEO received a golden parachute.
Valid or legally acceptable.
Example: The title was good.
A valid reason.
Example: She showed good cause.
Something of value exchanged in a contract.
Example: The contract had good consideration.
Honesty and fairness in actions.
Example: The parties acted in good faith.
Allowing evidence if police acted honestly, even if mistaken.
Example: The court applied the good faith exception.
A buyer who purchases without knowing of problems.
Example: He was a good faith purchaser.
A person who helps others in emergencies.
Example: The Good Samaritan assisted.
A law protecting people who help others.
Example: The law shields helpers from liability.
Clear ownership without legal issues.
Example: The buyer received good title.
Personal property.
Example: The will covered goods and chattels.
The value of a business’s reputation.
Example: The sale included goodwill.
The specific state or country whose laws will be used to interpret a contract.
The employment agreement stated that California was the governing law for any disputes.
The system that runs a country.
Example: The government passed the law.
An agency that reviews government spending.
Example: The GAO issued a report.
A business owned by the government.
Example: It operated as a government corporation.
Protection for the government from certain lawsuits.
Example: The claim was blocked by governmental immunity.
The leader of a state.
Example: The governor signed the bill.
Extra time allowed to meet a deadline.
Example: The loan had a grace period.
A group deciding whether to charge someone with a crime.
Example: The grand jury issued an indictment.
Theft of high-value property.
Example: He was charged with grand larceny.
Serious theft of valuable property.
Example: The charge was grand theft.
A rule allowing existing situations to continue under old laws.
Example: The policy included a grandfather clause.
To give or transfer something legally.
Example: The court granted the motion.
A person receiving property.
Example: She was the grantee.
A person giving property.
Example: He was the grantor.
A trust where the creator keeps certain rights.
Example: The estate used a grantor trust.
Given without payment.
Example: The service was gratuitous.
Holding property for free.
Example: The storage was a gratuitous bailment.
A contract without payment or benefit exchange.
Example: The agreement was gratuitous.
The main issue of a case.
Example: The gravamen was negligence.
Selling goods outside official channels.
Example: The products were sold on the gray market.
Serious physical harm.
Example: The charge involved great bodily injury.
Another name for habeas corpus.
Example: He filed for the Great Writ.
A document allowing permanent residence in the U.S.
Example: She received a green card.
Buying shares to force a company to repurchase them at a higher price.
Example: The investor used greenmail.
A Supreme Court case allowing the death penalty under certain rules.
Example: Gregg v. Georgia upheld capital punishment.
A complaint or problem.
Example: The worker filed a grievance.
Resolving disputes through an arbitrator.
Example: The case went to grievance arbitration.
Steps to resolve complaints.
Example: The company followed a grievance procedure.
A Supreme Court case establishing privacy rights.
Example: Griswold v. Connecticut recognized privacy.
Total amount before deductions.
Example: The gross income was reported.
The total value of a person’s assets at death.
Example: The gross estate included all property.
Total income before taxes or deductions.
Example: She reported gross income.
Extreme carelessness.
Example: The case involved gross negligence.
Total money received before expenses.
Example: The business reported gross receipts.
A lease for land only.
Example: The building sat on a ground lease.
Payment for using land.
Example: The tenant paid ground rent.
Without a valid reason.
Example: The claim was groundless.
Lack of a valid reason or basis.
Example: The claim showed groundlessness.
A retirement plan covering multiple people.
Example: The company offered a group annuity.
When multiple parties refuse to deal with someone.
Example: The companies formed a group boycott.
Insurance covering a group of people.
Example: Employees received group insurance.
A company expected to grow quickly.
Example: Investors chose a growth company.
An investment fund focused on growth.
Example: She invested in a growth fund.
Stock expected to increase in value.
Example: The investor bought growth stock.
Grantor retained unitrust, a trust paying income for a set time.
Example: The estate used a GRUT.
A promise to fulfill an obligation.
Example: The loan came with a guarantee.
A bond backed by another party’s promise to pay.
Example: The bond was guaranteed.
An agreement promising a fixed return.
Example: The fund used a guaranteed investment contract.
A person who promises to pay if another does not.
Example: He acted as a guarantor.
A promise to answer for someone else’s debt.
Example: The loan included a guaranty.
A person responsible for another’s care.
Example: She was appointed guardian.
A person appointed to represent someone in court.
Example: The child had a guardian ad litem.
A natural parent acting as guardian.
Example: The mother was guardian by nature.
Legal responsibility for another person.
Example: The court granted guardianship.
A law limiting lawsuits by passengers in a car.
Example: The claim was affected by a guest statute.
Responsibility for a crime.
Example: The jury determined guilt.
Responsible for a crime.
Example: The defendant was found guilty.
A verdict recognizing guilt and mental illness.
Example: The jury returned this verdict.
A law giving the president authority during the Vietnam War.
Example: The resolution expanded power.
A law regulating firearms.
Example: The state passed a gun control law.
A legal right to challenge unlawful detention.
Example: He filed for habeas corpus.
The part of a deed describing ownership rights.
Example: The habendum explained the property interest.
The condition of a place being safe to live in.
Example: The landlord must ensure habitability.
Safe and suitable to live in.
Example: The apartment was not habitable.
A place where someone lives.
Example: The law protects habitation.
A person repeatedly committing crimes.
Example: He was labeled a habitual criminal.
A relative sharing only one parent.
Example: They were related by half blood.
A place helping people transition back to society.
Example: He stayed in a halfway house.
A Supreme Court case about limits on federal power over labor laws.
Example: The case limited federal regulation.
To announce a court decision.
Example: The judge handed down the ruling.
A written promise to pay money.
Example: He signed a hand note.
A condition affecting ability.
Example: The law protects against discrimination based on handicap.
To repeatedly bother or intimidate.
Example: It is illegal to harass others.
Repeated unwanted behavior.
Example: The case involved workplace harassment.
To hide or shelter someone, often illegally.
Example: He was charged with harboring a suspect.
Punishment involving difficult physical work.
Example: The sentence included hard labor.
Injury or damage.
Example: The plaintiff suffered harm.
A mistake in court that does not affect the outcome.
Example: The appeal argued harmless error.
A law limiting political activity by government employees.
Example: The Hatch Act restricts campaigning.
A crime motivated by bias.
Example: The attack was charged as a hate crime.
Speech expressing hatred toward groups.
Example: The case involved hate speech issues.
A risk or danger.
Example: The condition was a hazard.
Dangerous.
Example: The material was hazardous.
A tax status for someone supporting dependents.
Example: She filed as head of household.
A tax charged per person.
Example: The law imposed a head tax.
A summary of a legal case.
Example: The headnote explained the ruling.
Authority to make medical decisions for someone else.
Example: She granted a health care power of attorney.
Coverage for medical costs.
Example: He has health insurance.
A law protecting medical privacy.
Example: HIPAA protects patient information.
A court proceeding to review a case.
Example: The judge scheduled a hearing.
A statement made outside court used as evidence.
Example: The lawyer objected to hearsay.
A rule limiting use of hearsay evidence.
Example: The hearsay rule excluded the statement.
A Supreme Court case upholding civil rights laws.
Example: The case supported anti-discrimination laws.
Acting emotionally without time to think.
Example: The defense argued heat of passion.
An investment fund using various strategies.
Example: The investor joined a hedge fund.
Compensation for loss of enjoyment of life.
Example: The court awarded hedonic damages.
Extremely bad or cruel.
Example: The crime was heinous.
A person who inherits property.
Example: She is the heir.
A person certain to inherit.
Example: He was the heir apparent.
A person legally entitled to inherit.
Example: She is the heir at law.
A likely heir who could be replaced.
Example: He was the heir presumptive.
The status of being an heir.
Example: The court determined heirship.
A court’s decision in a case.
Example: The court held the law valid.
A law regulating railroad rates.
Example: The act increased government control.
Property that can be inherited.
Example: The land was a hereditament.
Passed down by inheritance.
Example: The title was hereditary.
Able to be inherited.
Example: The property was heritable.
A duty passed to heirs.
Example: The debt was a heritable obligation.
A higher-level court.
Example: The case reached the high court.
A serious offense, often in impeachment.
Example: The charge was a high crime.
An agreement setting minimum and maximum payouts.
Example: The parties made a high-low agreement.
A law supporting colleges and students.
Example: The act provides funding.
To take control by force, often of a vehicle.
Example: The suspect attempted to hijack the truck.
Taking control by force.
Example: The crime involved hijacking.
To employ someone for work.
Example: The company hired a lawyer.
A place where workers are assigned jobs, often by unions.
Example: Workers were sent through a hiring hall.
Leaving the scene after causing an accident.
Example: He was charged with hit-and-run.
To keep or possess.
Example: The court will hold the property.
To protect someone from liability.
Example: The contract included a hold harmless clause.
A person who possesses a document or right.
Example: She is the holder of the note.
A person who receives something in exchange for value.
Example: He qualified as a holder for value.
A person who gets a financial document without knowing of problems.
Example: She was a holder in due course.
The court’s decision in a case.
Example: The holding set a precedent.
A company that owns other companies.
Example: The business is a holding company.
The time an asset is owned.
Example: The holding period affects taxes.
Staying in property after a lease ends.
Example: The tenant became a holdover tenant.
A renter who stays in a property after the lease has ended without the landlord's permission.
The landlord began eviction proceedings against the holdover tenant who refused to leave.
A handwritten will.
Example: The court accepted the holographic will.
A loan based on home value that can be reused.
Example: She opened a home equity line of credit.
A loan using home value as security.
Example: He took out a home equity loan.
Entering a home to commit a crime.
Example: The charge was home invasion.
The power of local governments to govern themselves.
Example: The city has home rule authority.
Insurance covering a home and property.
Example: The damage was covered by homeowner’s insurance.
A primary home protected from certain claims.
Example: The property qualified as a homestead.
Protection of part of a home’s value from creditors.
Example: She claimed a homestead exemption.
The killing of one person by another.
Example: The case involved homicide.
An accidental killing.
Example: The court ruled homicide by misadventure.
A trust without a specific beneficiary.
Example: The will created an honorary trust.
An agreement between competitors.
Example: The case involved a horizontal agreement.
Competitors agreeing on prices.
Example: The companies were accused of horizontal price-fixing.
A legal relationship between parties in a property agreement.
Example: The case required horizontal privity.
Limits on competition between businesses at the same level.
Example: The contract was a horizontal restraint.
Harassment creating an unsafe or offensive workplace.
Example: The claim involved hostile environment harassment.
Possession of property without permission.
Example: The case involved hostile possession.
A witness who is unwilling or adverse.
Example: The lawyer treated him as a hostile witness.
A workplace made intimidating or abusive through ongoing discrimination or harassment.
She sued her employer for allowing a hostile work environment based on her gender.
Immediate chasing of a suspect.
Example: Police acted under hot pursuit.
A proposed law introduced in the House.
Example: The House bill was debated.
A lawyer working within a company.
Example: She is house counsel.
A legislative body in government.
Example: The law passed the House of Representatives.
A court handling housing issues.
Example: The case was heard in housing court.
Department of Housing and Urban Development.
Example: HUD oversees housing programs.
Basic rights all people have.
Example: The case involved human rights.
Illegal trade of people.
Example: The law targets human trafficking.
A jury that cannot reach a decision.
Example: The trial ended in a hung jury.
A hearing to decide if statements were given voluntarily.
Example: The judge held a Huntley hearing.
A financial asset with features of debt and equity.
Example: The bond was a hybrid security.
To pledge property as security without giving it up.
Example: He hypothecated the asset.
Using property as security for a loan while still keeping it.
Example: The loan was secured through hypothecation.
A question based on assumed facts, often used with expert witnesses.
Example: The lawyer asked a hypothetical question.
International Criminal Court, which handles serious international crimes.
Example: The case was brought before the ICC.
Immigration and Customs Enforcement, a federal agency enforcing immigration laws.
Example: ICE handled the investigation.
Short for “the same,” used in legal citations.
Example: The case cited id. for the same source.
Meaning “the same.” Example: The term idem means the same.
Example: The term idem means the same.
Names that sound alike are treated as the same.
Example: The court applied idem sonans.
Able to be recognized.
Example: The person was identifiable.
Recognizing or proving who someone is.
Example: The witness made an identification.
Who a person is.
Example: The case involved identity issues.
Using someone else’s identity for gain.
Example: He was charged with identity fraud.
Stealing someone’s personal information.
Example: She was a victim of identity theft.
Against the law.
Example: The act was illegal.
The state of being unlawful.
Example: The contract was void due to illegality.
Not legally recognized.
Example: The claim was illegitimate.
Not allowed by law.
Example: The activity was illicit.
A type of trust holding real estate.
Example: The property was in an Illinois land trust.
Appearing real but not legally binding.
Example: The promise was illusory.
A contract lacking real obligation.
Example: The agreement was an illusory contract.
A promise that does not actually bind someone.
Example: The deal included an illusory promise.
Evidence used to explain or show something.
Example: The chart was illustrative evidence.
Not important to the case.
Example: The detail was immaterial.
An investment that begins payments right away.
Example: He purchased an immediate annuity.
Laws regulating immigration.
Example: The policy followed Immigration Acts.
Property that cannot be moved, like land.
Example: The land is immovable property.
Protection from legal responsibility.
Example: The witness received immunity.
To weaken or damage.
Example: The law may impair rights.
Damage or reduction in value.
Example: The injury caused impairment.
To select a jury.
Example: The court will impanel jurors.
Fair and unbiased.
Example: The judge must be impartial.
Being fair and unbiased.
Example: The case required impartiality.
A deadlock with no agreement.
Example: Negotiations reached an impasse.
To challenge a witness’s credibility or charge an official.
Example: The lawyer tried to impeach the witness.
The process of charging a public official with wrongdoing.
Example: The case involved impeachment.
Evidence used to question credibility.
Example: The lawyer presented impeachment evidence.
Something that blocks progress.
Example: The issue was an impediment.
A defense where belief in danger is unreasonable.
Example: The case involved imperfect self-defense.
Not allowed.
Example: The action was impermissible.
To pretend to be someone else.
Example: He impersonated an officer.
Pretending to be another person.
Example: The crime was impersonation.
To bring a third party into a case.
Example: The defendant impleaded another party.
To involve someone in a crime.
Example: The evidence implicated him.
A possible meaning or result.
Example: The statement had legal implications.
Implied but not directly stated.
Example: The agreement was implicit.
Suggested without being stated.
Example: The contract included implied terms.
When a verdict suggests not guilty on a charge.
Example: The decision created an implied acquittal.
An agency relationship created by actions.
Example: The court found implied agency.
Authority not stated but understood.
Example: She acted with implied authority.
A contract formed by actions, not words.
Example: Their conduct created an implied contract.
A right to use land based on prior use.
Example: The property had an implied easement.
Created by actions showing agreement.
Example: The contract was implied in fact.
A contract shown through behavior.
Example: The agreement was implied in fact.
A contract created by law to ensure fairness.
Example: The court enforced an implied in law contract.
Intent inferred from actions.
Example: The charge involved implied malice.
Knowledge assumed based on circumstances.
Example: He had implied notice.
Authority not written but necessary to carry out duties.
Example: The government used implied power.
A promise shown by actions.
Example: The agreement included an implied promise.
A trust created by law.
Example: The court found an implied trust.
An unstated guarantee about a product.
Example: The sale included an implied warranty.
To suggest something without directly saying it.
Example: His statement implied guilt.
When a contract cannot be completed due to unexpected events.
Example: The contract ended due to impossibility of performance.
A person pretending to be someone else.
Example: The imposter used a fake identity.
To take and hold property by law.
Example: The car was impounded.
The act of taking property into custody.
Example: The case involved impoundment.
When something is extremely difficult to perform.
Example: The contract was excused due to impracticability.
Being confined in jail.
Example: He was sentenced to imprisonment.
Not appropriate or not allowed.
Example: The conduct was improper.
A change that increases value.
Example: The property had improvements.
Assigning responsibility to someone.
Example: The court used imputation.
To assign responsibility or knowledge.
Example: The law may impute intent.
Income assigned even if not actually received.
Example: The tax included imputed income.
Within or inside.
Example: The case was filed in court.
A temporary suspension of a case.
Example: The motion was in abatement.
Without a person present.
Example: The trial was held in absentia.
Acting dishonestly.
Example: The party acted in bad faith.
In private, not open to the public.
Example: The hearing was held in camera.
Disobeying a court order.
Example: He was held in contempt.
Allowing someone to proceed without paying fees due to low income.
Example: She filed in forma pauperis.
Not tied to specific land or property.
Example: The easement was in gross.
A motion made before trial.
Example: The lawyer filed a motion in limine.
Acting in place of a parent.
Example: The school acted in loco parentis.
When both parties are equally at fault.
Example: The court applied in pari delicto.
Interpreting laws together on the same subject.
Example: The statutes were read in pari materia.
Against a specific person.
Example: The court issued an in personam judgment.
Power over a person in a case.
Example: The court had in personam jurisdiction.
Meaning “in the matter of.” Example: The case was titled in re Smith.
Against property, not a person.
Example: The case was in rem.
Power over property in a case.
Example: The court exercised in rem jurisdiction.
Joint responsibility for a debt.
Example: They were liable in solido.
In its original form, not converted to money.
Example: The property was returned in specie.
Meant to scare or pressure someone.
Example: The clause was in terrorem.
Offering another option.
Example: The claim was made in the alternative.
Completely or entirely.
Example: The claim was rejected in toto.
Held for someone else.
Example: The funds were held in trust.
In the womb.
Example: The injury occurred in utero.
Given in goods or services, not money.
Example: The donation was in-kind.
Not allowed as evidence.
Example: The statement was inadmissible.
A mistake or oversight.
Example: The error was due to inadvertence.
Cannot be taken away.
Example: Rights are inalienable.
To make unable to function.
Example: The injury incapacitated him.
Lack of ability to act.
Example: The court found incapacity.
Being held in jail or prison.
Example: He faced incarceration.
A stock option given as an employee benefit.
Example: She received an incentive stock option.
Sexual activity between close relatives.
Example: The law prohibits incest.
Not fully formed or completed.
Example: The crime was inchoate.
A lien not yet fully established.
Example: The claim was an inchoate lien.
Rights connected to owning property.
Example: Control is an incident of ownership.
A person who benefits from a contract unintentionally.
Example: He was an incidental beneficiary.
Minor costs related to a breach of contract.
Example: The court awarded incidental damages.
To encourage unlawful action.
Example: He was accused of inciting violence.
Encouraging illegal acts.
Example: The speech was considered incitement.
A lesser crime within a greater one.
Example: The jury considered an included offense.
Money received.
Example: She reported income.
A person receiving income from a trust.
Example: He is the income beneficiary.
A tax on earnings.
Example: She paid income tax.
Lack of ability.
Example: The case involved incompetence.
Not able to perform properly.
Example: He was found incompetent.
A clause limiting challenges to a contract after time.
Example: The policy had an incontestability clause.
A court that is not suitable for the case.
Example: The case was dismissed for inconvenient forum.
To form a legal company.
Example: They incorporated the business.
To include something by mentioning it.
Example: The contract incorporated terms by reference.
The process of forming a company.
Example: The incorporation was completed.
A person who forms a company.
Example: She was the incorporator.
Not physical.
Example: The right is incorporeal.
To show involvement in a crime.
Example: The evidence incriminated him.
Evidence of involvement in a crime.
Example: The statement led to incrimination.
Showing guilt.
Example: The evidence was inculpatory.
To become subject to something, like debt.
Example: He incurred expenses.
Showing private parts in public.
Example: He was charged with indecent exposure.
To promise to cover someone else's losses or legal costs if something goes wrong.
The contract required the contractor to indemnify the homeowner for any injuries on the job site.
A formal charge by a grand jury accusing someone of a serious crime.
The federal grand jury handed down an indictment for wire fraud and tax evasion.
A contract that does not require a special form.
Example: Most agreements are informal contracts.
A process where agencies create rules without formal hearings.
Example: The agency used informal rulemaking.
A person who gives information to authorities.
Example: The informant helped the investigation.
The right to keep an informant’s identity secret.
Example: The court protected the informant’s privilege.
A formal criminal charge made without a grand jury.
Example: The prosecutor filed an information.
Permission given with full understanding of risks.
Example: The patient gave informed consent.
A minor violation of law.
Example: The offense was an infraction.
To violate a law or right.
Example: The action infringed rights.
A violation of rights.
Example: The case involved copyright infringement.
The right to enter property.
Example: The easement allowed ingress.
A flaw that exists naturally in something.
Example: The product had an inherent defect.
Naturally risky or harmful.
Example: The activity was inherently dangerous.
Property received after someone dies.
Example: She received an inheritance.
A tax on inherited property.
Example: The estate owed inheritance tax.
The first court appearance of a defendant.
Example: He had an initial appearance.
A process where citizens propose laws.
Example: The law passed by initiative.
A court order to stop or require an action.
Example: The judge issued an injunction.
Money posted to cover losses if an injunction is wrong.
Example: The court required an injunction bond.
Related to a court order.
Example: The relief was injunctive.
To cause harm.
Example: The act injured the plaintiff.
False statements causing financial harm.
Example: The case involved injurious falsehood.
Harm or damage.
Example: The case involved injury.
A wrong without actual damage.
Example: The claim showed injury absque damno.
A person in prison.
Example: The inmate filed a claim.
Not guilty.
Example: The defendant was found innocent.
A false statement made without intent to deceive.
Example: The case involved innocent misrepresentation.
A buyer unaware of problems with property.
Example: He was an innocent purchaser.
A contract not fitting standard categories.
Example: The agreement was an innominate contract.
An indirect suggestion or implication.
Example: The statement included innuendo.
Not in effect.
Example: The rule was inoperative.
An investigation into a death.
Example: The coroner held an inquest.
An investigation or request for information.
Example: The agency opened an inquiry.
Knowledge someone should have discovered through investigation.
Example: He had an inquiry notice.
A formal investigation.
Example: The case involved an inquisition.
Immigration and Naturalization Service
A mental condition affecting responsibility for actions.
Example: The defense argued insanity.
A legal argument that a defendant should not be held responsible due to severe mental illness at the time of the crime.
His attorney used the insanity defense, arguing he could not tell right from wrong during the incident.
To write or record something formally.
Example: The name was inscribed in the record.
A contract term allowing action if one party feels at risk.
Example: The lender used the insecurity clause.
Non-public information about a company.
Example: He used inside information.
Buying or selling stocks using secret information.
Example: She was charged with insider trading.
Inability to pay debts.
Example: The company faced insolvency.
Unable to pay debts.
Example: The business was insolvent.
To examine carefully.
Example: The inspector will inspect the site.
The act of examining.
Example: The property passed inspection.
A partial payment.
Example: He paid in installments.
A contract allowing payment over time.
Example: The purchase used an installment contract.
An example or occurrence.
Example: This was one instance.
To begin or start.
Example: She instituted a lawsuit.
An established organization.
Example: The bank is an institution.
A judge’s decision without jury input.
Example: The judge gave an instructed verdict.
Guidance given by a judge to a jury.
Example: The jury followed the instruction.
A legal document.
Example: The contract is an instrument.
A means used to carry out something.
Example: The tool was an instrumentality.
A stake in something being insured.
Example: He had an insurable interest.
Protection against loss.
Example: She purchased insurance.
A contract for insurance coverage.
Example: The insurance policy covered damage.
A trust holding insurance benefits.
Example: The estate used an insurance trust.
To provide insurance coverage.
Example: The company insured the property.
A person covered by insurance.
Example: The insured filed a claim.
A company providing insurance.
Example: The insurer paid damages.
A rebellion against authority.
Example: The act was considered insurrection.
Not physical.
Example: Goodwill is intangible.
A non-physical asset like a trademark.
Example: The brand is an intangible asset.
Property without physical form.
Example: Stocks are intangible property.
To combine or bring together.
Example: The system integrated services.
A contract term stating it is the complete agreement.
Example: The contract had an integration clause.
Creations of the mind protected by law.
Example: The case involved intellectual property.
Purpose or state of mind.
Example: The crime required intent.
Done on purpose.
Example: The act was intentional.
A civil wrong committed on purpose rather than by accident or negligence.
Punching a coworker at a company party could lead to an intentional tort claim for battery.
Meaning “among other things.” Example: The decision included, inter alia, damages.
Example: The decision included, inter alia, damages.
Between parties in a case.
Example: The hearing was inter partes.
Between themselves.
Example: The parties agreed inter se.
Occurring during a person’s life.
Example: It was an inter vivos gift.
A trust created during life.
Example: She created an inter vivos trust.
To stop or take something before it arrives.
Example: The police intercepted the call.
The act of stopping something.
Example: The case involved interception.
To forbid or prohibit.
Example: The court may interdict the action.
A legal share or right.
Example: He had an interest in the property.
Settling disputes about contract terms.
Example: The parties used interest arbitration.
A payment plan covering only interest.
Example: The loan had an interest-only option.
To obstruct or disrupt.
Example: He interfered with the contract.
Disruption of rights or actions.
Example: The case involved interference.
Temporary.
Example: The court issued an interim order.
A group sharing insurance risk.
Example: The policy came from an interinsurance exchange.
To connect or overlap.
Example: The rules interlock.
Confessions from multiple people that support each other.
Example: The case involved interlocking confessions.
When the same person sits on multiple company boards.
Example: The companies shared an interlocking directorate.
A temporary or partial court decision.
Example: The court issued an interlocutory order.
A temporary court order before final judgment.
Example: The judge granted an interlocutory injunction.
A middle party between others.
Example: The bank acted as an intermediary.
A court between trial and highest courts.
Example: The appeal went to an intermediate court.
Federal tax laws.
Example: The case involved the Internal Revenue Code.
The agency that collects taxes.
Example: The IRS audited the return.
A court handling disputes between countries.
Example: The case went to the International Court of Justice.
Laws governing relations between countries.
Example: The issue involved international law.
A case defining when courts have jurisdiction over out-of-state parties.
Example: The ruling set standards for jurisdiction.
To require parties to resolve competing claims.
Example: The stakeholder may interplead.
A legal action to settle competing claims.
Example: The case was an interpleader.
An international police organization.
Example: Interpol issued a notice.
To explain the meaning of law.
Example: The court will interpret the statute.
The meaning given to a law.
Example: The interpretation was disputed.
A rule explaining how laws should be applied.
Example: The agency issued an interpretive rule.
To question formally.
Example: The police interrogated the suspect.
Formal questioning.
Example: The interrogation lasted hours.
Written questions in a lawsuit.
Example: The lawyer sent interrogatories.
Trade between states.
Example: The law regulates interstate commerce.
To enter a case.
Example: The group moved to intervene.
An event that breaks the chain of causation.
Example: The court found an intervening cause.
Joining a legal case.
Example: The court allowed intervention.
Dying without a will.
Example: The estate was handled through intestacy.
Without a valid will.
Example: He died intestate.
Distribution of property without a will.
Example: The estate followed intestate succession.
To frighten or pressure.
Example: The witness was intimidated.
The act of threatening or pressuring.
Example: The charge included intimidation.
Being under the influence of substances.
Example: The defense argued intoxication.
Within legal authority.
Example: The act was intra vires.
Within a single state.
Example: The law applied to intrastate commerce.
Evidence directly related to the case.
Example: The court accepted intrinsic evidence.
Fraud related to issues in the case itself.
Example: The claim involved intrinsic fraud.
Unwanted entry or invasion.
Example: The case involved intrusion.
To take effect or benefit someone.
Example: The benefit inured to him.
To enter without permission.
Example: The act invaded privacy.
Not legally valid.
Example: The contract was invalid.
To make something legally void.
Example: The court invalidated the law.
The state of being legally void.
Example: The argument focused on invalidity.
An unwanted entry or intrusion.
Example: The act was an invasion.
Violating someone’s personal space or information.
Example: The case involved invasion of privacy.
To persuade someone through trickery.
Example: He inveigled her into signing.
A new creation or idea.
Example: The patent covered the invention.
A person who creates something new.
Example: She is the inventor.
A list of goods or property.
Example: The store checked its inventory.
A search of property held by police.
Example: The police conducted an inventory search.
When a government takes property without payment.
Example: The owner filed for inverse condemnation.
To put money into something for profit.
Example: She invested in stocks.
To examine or inquire into.
Example: Police investigated the case.
A detailed examination.
Example: The investigation lasted months.
A brief stop based on suspicion.
Example: The officer made an investigative stop.
Money placed for future return.
Example: The deal was a risky investment.
An agreement to invest money expecting profit.
Example: The case involved an investment contract.
Earnings from investments.
Example: He reported investment income.
A person who invests money.
Example: The investor bought shares.
An error caused by a party’s own actions.
Example: The appeal failed due to an invited error.
A person invited onto property for business purposes.
Example: The customer was an invitee.
The act of calling upon a right.
Example: He made an invocation of rights.
A bill for goods or services.
Example: The company sent an invoice.
To call upon a right or law.
Example: She invoked her rights.
Done without choice.
Example: The act was involuntary.
Bankruptcy forced by creditors.
Example: The company faced involuntary bankruptcy.
Unintentional killing due to negligence.
Example: The charge was involuntary manslaughter.
A trust created by law without consent.
Example: The court imposed an involuntary trust.
A program holding client funds in trust accounts.
Example: The lawyer used an IOLTA account.
Intellectual property.
Example: The dispute involved IP.
Initial public offering of stock.
Example: The company launched an IPO.
A statement accepted without proof.
Example: The claim was dismissed as ipse dixit.
By the fact itself.
Example: The act was ipso facto illegal.
A clause triggered automatically by an event.
Example: The contract had an ipso facto clause.
Individual Retirement Account.
Example: She contributed to an IRA.
A presumption that cannot be challenged.
Example: The law created an irrebuttable presumption.
Differences that cannot be resolved, often in divorce.
Example: The divorce cited irreconcilable differences.
Not following standard rules.
Example: The process was irregular.
Not related to the case.
Example: The evidence was irrelevant.
Damage that cannot be fixed or fully compensated with money.
The homeowner argued the pipeline would cause irreparable harm to the family's well water.
Harm that cannot be fixed by money.
Example: The court found irreparable injury.
A mental condition preventing self-control.
Example: The defense argued irresistible impulse.
Cannot be changed or undone.
Example: The trust was irrevocable.
A trust that cannot be changed once created.
Example: He created an irrevocable trust.
Internal Revenue Service.
Example: The IRS audited him.
A point in dispute.
Example: The issue was liability.
A question about what happened.
Example: The jury decided the issue of fact.
A question about how the law applies.
Example: The judge ruled on the issue of law.
Preventing re-litigation of an issue already decided.
Example: The case was barred by issue preclusion.
A person or entity that creates financial securities.
Example: The company is the issuer.
A specific thing or entry.
Example: Each expense was listed as an item.
Listing things separately.
Example: The bill included itemization.
To list things individually.
Example: She itemized the expenses.
Specific expenses listed to reduce taxes.
Example: He claimed an itemized deduction.
Short for “judge.” Example: The opinion was written by J. Smith.
Example: The opinion was written by J. Smith.
Justice of the Peace, a local judicial officer.
Example: The J.P. handled the case.
Judicial Assistant, someone who helps a judge.
Example: The JA scheduled the hearing.
A hearing to decide if a confession was voluntary.
Example: The judge held a Jackson-Denno hearing.
Judge Advocate General, a military lawyer.
Example: The case was handled by JAG.
A place where people are held for crimes.
Example: He was sent to jail.
A prisoner who helps others with legal matters.
Example: The inmate acted as a jailhouse lawyer.
A placeholder name for an anonymous woman in court.
Example: The case used Jane Roe.
To cross the street illegally.
Example: He was fined for jaywalking.
Juris Doctor, a law degree.
Example: She earned her J.D.
Risk of punishment or loss.
Example: The defendant was in jeopardy.
Immediate tax assessment due to risk of nonpayment.
Example: The IRS issued a jeopardy assessment.
Property thrown overboard from a ship.
Example: The cargo became jetsam.
Judgment as a matter of law.
Example: The court granted JMOL.
Judgment notwithstanding the verdict.
Example: The judge entered JNOV.
A protest by workers, like a strike.
Example: The union organized a job action.
A placeholder name for an unknown man.
Example: The lawsuit named John Doe.
A request to get information about unknown individuals.
Example: The IRS issued a John Doe summons.
To include someone in a case.
Example: The plaintiff joined another party.
Adding parties or claims to a case.
Example: The court allowed joinder.
Using multiple legal remedies in one case.
Example: The claim involved joinder of remedies.
Shared by two or more parties.
Example: They had joint ownership.
Each party is fully responsible for the whole debt.
Example: The defendants had joint and several liability.
Payments made to two people during their lives.
Example: The plan included a joint annuity.
Shared parenting rights.
Example: The parents had joint custody.
A shared business activity.
Example: The parties formed a joint enterprise.
Shared responsibility for a debt.
Example: They had joint liability.
A legislative measure passed by both houses.
Example: Congress passed a joint resolution.
Ownership with equal shares and survivorship rights.
Example: They held the property in joint tenancy.
A co-owner in joint tenancy.
Example: She is a joint tenant.
One of multiple people responsible for harm.
Example: He was a joint tortfeasor.
A business partnership for a specific project.
Example: They entered a joint venture.
A will made by two people together.
Example: The couple signed a joint will.
A business owned by shareholders.
Example: The company was a joint-stock company.
A reporter’s right to protect sources.
Example: The court recognized the journalist's privilege.
Taking a vehicle without permission for fun.
Example: He was charged with joyriding.
A person who decides legal cases.
Example: The judge issued the ruling.
A military lawyer.
Example: The case involved a judge advocate.
Law created by courts.
Example: The rule was judge-made.
A court’s final decision.
Example: The court entered judgment.
A ruling made by a judge without jury decision.
Example: The judge granted judgment as a matter of law.
A decision when one party fails to respond.
Example: The plaintiff won by default judgment.
A person owed money by court order.
Example: She is a judgment creditor.
A person who owes money by court order.
Example: He is the judgment debtor.
A claim on property to secure payment of a judgment.
Example: The creditor placed a judgment lien.
A judge overturns a jury’s decision.
Example: The court entered judgment notwithstanding the verdict.
A decision based on facts and law.
Example: The case ended on the merits.
A decision based only on written claims.
Example: The court granted judgment on the pleadings.
Unable to pay a judgment.
Example: The defendant was judgment-proof.
Related to courts or judges.
Example: The matter was judicial.
An action taken by a judge.
Example: The ruling was a judicial act.
When judges interpret laws broadly.
Example: Critics argued judicial activism.
A guarantee related to court duties.
Example: The official posted a judicial bond.
Respect between courts.
Example: The courts followed judicial comity.
A statement made in court admitting facts.
Example: The defendant gave a judicial confession.
A judge’s ability to make decisions.
Example: The ruling was based on judicial discretion.
Protection for judges from lawsuits for their decisions.
Example: The judge had judicial immunity.
A lien created by court judgment.
Example: The creditor obtained a judicial lien.
Accepting a fact without needing proof.
Example: The court took judicial notice.
Authority of courts to interpret law.
Example: The Constitution grants judicial power.
Judges limiting their role in policymaking.
Example: The decision reflected judicial restraint.
The power to declare laws unconstitutional.
Example: The case involved judicial review.
A sale ordered by a court.
Example: The property was sold in a judicial sale.
A legal separation without divorce.
Example: The couple sought judicial separation.
A formal court order.
Example: The court issued a judicial writ.
The system of courts.
Example: The judiciary interprets laws.
A law organizing the federal court system.
Example: The Judiciary Act created courts.
To fail to appear in court after release.
Example: He was charged for jumping bail.
A secondary claim on property.
Example: The bank held a junior lien.
A loan with lower priority than another.
Example: The home had a junior mortgage.
A high-risk investment bond.
Example: Investors bought junk bonds.
A statement verifying a document was sworn.
Example: The affidavit included a jurat.
A legal entity like a corporation.
Example: The company is a juridical person.
A law degree.
Example: She earned a Juris Doctor.
A court’s power to hear a case.
Example: The court lacked jurisdiction.
Authority over a person.
Example: The court had in personam jurisdiction.
Authority over property.
Example: The case involved in rem jurisdiction.
The minimum value required for a court case.
Example: The claim met the jurisdictional amount.
The study of law.
Example: He studied jurisprudence.
A legal expert or judge.
Example: The jurist wrote the opinion.
A member of a jury.
Example: The juror listened carefully.
A group deciding a case.
Example: The jury reached a verdict.
Directions given by a judge to a jury.
Example: The judge gave jury instructions.
When a jury ignores the law and acquits.
Example: The case involved jury nullification.
A trial decided by a jury.
Example: He requested a jury trial.
A legal right.
Example: The term jus means right.
A fundamental principle of international law.
Example: The rule was jus cogens.
Citizenship based on parents.
Example: The law uses jus sanguinis.
Citizenship based on place of birth.
Example: The country follows jus soli.
A valid reason.
Example: The employee was fired for just cause.
Fair payment for property taken by the government.
Example: The owner received just compensation.
A legally valid claim to property.
Example: He held just title to the land.
Fairness and the legal system.
Example: The goal is justice.
A local judicial officer.
Example: The case went to a justice of the peace.
Able to be decided by a court.
Example: The issue was justiciable.
Able to be defended as reasonable.
Example: The action was justifiable.
Killing allowed by law.
Example: The court ruled justifiable homicide.
A legal reason for an action.
Example: The defense used justification.
Fairness or righteousness.
Example: The decision reflected justness.
A person under legal adult age.
Example: The defendant was a juvenile.
A court handling cases involving minors.
Example: The case was heard in juvenile court.
Illegal behavior by minors.
Example: The program addresses juvenile delinquency.
A minor who commits a crime.
Example: He was labeled a juvenile delinquent.
King’s Bench, a historical court.
Example: The case was heard in K.B.
“Known as,” used to show another name.
Example: The business operates K/A another name.
A law allowing new territories to decide on slavery.
Example: The Kansas-Nebraska Act increased conflict.
A person responsible for property or custody.
Example: The keeper maintained the records.
A Supreme Court case allowing property to be taken for economic development.
Example: The ruling expanded eminent domain.
A retirement plan for self-employed individuals.
Example: He invested in a Keogh plan.
An essential fact or piece of information.
Example: The witness gave key evidence.
Illegal payment for favorable treatment.
Example: The official accepted a kickback.
To take a person by force.
Example: He was charged with kidnapping.
The crime of taking someone by force.
Example: The case involved kidnapping.
Family or relatives.
Example: The property passed to kin.
A type or category.
Example: The contract covered this kind of property.
A historic English court.
Example: The case was in King’s Bench.
Relationship by blood or family.
Example: The case involved kinship rights.
Fraud involving false financial transactions.
Example: The scheme involved check kiting.
Police must announce themselves before entering.
Example: Officers followed the knock and announce rule.
The idea that people should understand their legal protections before interacting with police or authorities.
The community workshop taught attendees to know your rights during traffic stops.
Done with awareness.
Example: The act was knowing.
With awareness or intent.
Example: He knowingly broke the law.
Awareness of facts.
Example: The defendant had knowledge.
Information a person is legally treated as knowing because they should have known it.
The landlord had constructive knowledge of the broken stair because tenants complained for months.
A creditor the debtor is aware of.
Example: The company notified known creditors.
A Supreme Court case upholding Japanese internment during WWII.
Example: The case is widely criticized today.
Abbreviation for Law Review.
Example: The article was published in L. Rev.
Limited Liability Partnership.
Example: The firm operates as an L.L.P.
Place for a seal on legal documents.
Example: The document included L.S.
An agreement between workers and employers.
Example: The union negotiated a labor contract.
Forcing people to work against their will.
Example: The case involved labor trafficking.
A group representing workers.
Example: The labor union organized a strike.
Losing a right by waiting too long to act.
Example: The claim was denied due to laches.
Property including the ground and anything attached.
Example: He owned the land.
A contract to buy land over time.
Example: The sale used a land contract.
A trust holding real estate.
Example: The property was in a land trust.
A person who rents property to others.
Example: The landlord collected rent.
A landlord’s right to a tenant’s property for unpaid rent.
Example: The landlord used a lien.
An important case that sets a precedent.
Example: The ruling became a landmark case.
A law protecting trademarks.
Example: The case involved the Lanham Act.
Fraud involving misused payments.
Example: The employee committed lapping.
To expire or end.
Example: The policy lapsed.
Theft of property.
Example: He was charged with larceny.
Theft by deception.
Example: The crime was larceny by trick.
Stealing directly from someone.
Example: The charge was larceny from the person.
Showing inappropriate sexual behavior.
Example: The conduct was lascivious.
A rule allowing recovery if the other party had the final chance to avoid harm.
Example: The case used last clear chance.
An accounting method where newest items are used first.
Example: The company used LIFO.
Hidden or not obvious.
Example: The defect was latent.
A hidden flaw.
Example: The house had a latent defect.
Rules created and enforced by government.
Example: The law protects rights.
A person who assists a judge.
Example: The law clerk researched the case.
Allowed by law.
Example: The action was lawful.
The legal age to act.
Example: She reached lawful age.
A person allowed to fight in war under law.
Example: The soldier was a lawful combatant.
A legal case between parties.
Example: He filed a lawsuit.
A person who practices law.
Example: She hired a lawyer.
A non-expert witness.
Example: The lay witness testified.
A case that establishes important law.
Example: It became a leading case.
A question suggesting its own answer.
Example: The lawyer asked a leading question.
A rule where manufacturers warn doctors instead of patients.
Example: The case used the learned intermediary doctrine.
A contract to rent property.
Example: She signed a lease.
A tenant’s right to use property.
Example: He had a leasehold interest.
A person renting property.
Example: The leaseholder paid rent.
A law requiring pets to be controlled.
Example: The dog violated the leash law.
Property left in a will.
Example: She received a legacy.
Free or low-cost legal help provided to people who cannot afford a private attorney.
Legal aid helped the single mother fight an unfair eviction.
The right to make major decisions about a child's upbringing, such as schooling and medical care.
The divorce decree gave both parents joint legal custody of their son.
Fraud that is recognized and actionable under the law.
Example: The court found evidence of legal fraud
A person entitled by law to inherit property.
Example: She was named the legal heir to the estate
When an act cannot be a crime because it is not illegal.
Example: The defense argued legal impossibility
A lawful share or right in property or a claim.
Example: He has a legal interest in the property
A list of individuals approved for legal roles, often attorneys.
Example: He was added to the legal list
Intent to commit a wrongful act without justification.
Example: The prosecution proved legal malice
Professional negligence by an attorney that harms a client's case.
He sued his former lawyer for legal malpractice after missing a key filing deadline cost him the case.
Recorded knowledge of past legal decisions or precedents.
Example: Courts rely on legal memory when reviewing cases
A mortgage that transfers legal title to the lender as security.
Example: The bank held a legal mortgage on the property
A person’s official name recognized by law.
Example: She signed the document using her legal name
A formal statement by a lawyer explaining the law in a situation.
Example: The attorney provided a legal opinion on the contract
The person recognized by law as the owner of property.
Example: He is the legal owner of the vehicle
An entity that has legal rights and responsibilities.
Example: A corporation is considered a legal person
The capacity to have legal rights and duties.
Example: The organization has legal personality under the law
Someone authorized to act on behalf of another in legal matters.
Example: The guardian served as her legal representative
A required portion of assets set aside by law.
Example: The company maintained its legal reserve
The place where a person officially lives for legal purposes.
Example: His legal residence is listed in New York
A court-approved arrangement where spouses live apart but remain married.
Example: They filed for legal separation
A U.S. organization that provides funding for civil legal aid.
Example: The Legal Services Corporation supports low-income clients
A legal obligation attached to property.
Example: The land was subject to a legal servitude
Money that must be accepted as payment by law.
Example: U.S. currency is legal tender
Formal ownership of property recognized by law.
Example: She holds legal title to the house
Required formal procedures or rules of law.
Example: They handled all the legalities before signing
The quality of being lawful.
Example: The court questioned the legality of the action
The process of making something lawful.
Example: The legalization of the policy changed enforcement
To make something legal.
Example: The state voted to legalize the activity
Made lawful by law.
Example: The practice was officially legalized
A person or thing that makes something legal.
Example: The legislature acted as the legalizer of the reform
The act of making something lawful.
Example: The bill focuses on legalizing the process
In a manner that follows the law.
Example: The company operated legally
A person who receives property through a will.
Example: He was named as a legatee in the will
To make or enact laws.
Example: Congress has the power to legislate
Made into law.
Example: The policy was legislated last year
The act of creating laws.
Example: Lawmakers are legislating new reforms
Laws collectively or the process of making them.
Example: New legislation was introduced in Congress
Relating to the making of laws.
Example: She works in the legislative branch
A person who represents others in influencing legislation.
Example: The legislative agent advocated for the bill
A body of elected officials that makes laws.
Example: The legislative assembly passed the measure
An advisory or second chamber in a legislative body.
Example: The bill was reviewed by the legislative council
A lawyer who advises lawmakers on legal matters.
Example: The legislative counsel drafted the bill
A court created by the legislature rather than the constitution.
Example: The case was heard in a legislative court
A day on which a legislative body is in session.
Example: The vote was scheduled for the next legislative day
A general fact used to help decide law or policy.
Example: The judge considered legislative facts in the ruling
Records showing how and why a law was created.
Example: Lawyers examined the legislative history
Protection lawmakers have from certain legal actions for official acts.
Example: The senator claimed legislative immunity
The purpose lawmakers had when creating a law.
Example: Courts interpret statutes using legislative intent
The authority to create laws.
Example: Congress holds legislative power
A rule created by a legislative body or agency.
Example: The agency issued a legislative rule
A period when lawmakers meet to conduct business.
Example: The legislative session begins in January
A law allowing the legislature to reject executive actions.
Example: The legislative veto was challenged
In a manner relating to lawmaking.
Example: The issue was addressed legislatively
A person who makes laws.
Example: She serves as a state legislator
Relating to legislators or lawmaking duties.
Example: He focused on legislatorial responsibilities
The office or role of a legislator.
Example: His legislatorship began this year
The governing body responsible for making laws.
Example: The legislature passed the bill
The state of being lawful or valid.
Example: The legitimacy of the contract was questioned
Lawful or valid.
Example: The business operates as a legitimate entity
The legal recognition of a child’s relationship to parents.
Example: The court established legitimate filiation
The part of an estate that must go to certain heirs by law.
Example: The heirs received their legitimate portion
Made lawful or recognized as valid.
Example: The child was legitimated by the court
In a lawful or proper way.
Example: The claim was legitimately filed
The act of making something lawful or valid.
Example: The process involves legitimating the claim
The process of making something lawful or recognized.
Example: The court approved the legitimation
A portion of an estate reserved for heirs under law.
Example: The children are entitled to the legitime
To make lawful or acceptable.
Example: The ruling helped legitimize the policy
Made lawful or accepted.
Example: The action was legitimized by the court
The act of making something lawful or accepted.
Example: The decision is legitimizing the practice
Laws that protect consumers who purchase defective products.
Example: The buyer used lemon law protections
To give something with the expectation it will be returned.
Example: The bank agreed to lend money
A U.S. law allowing aid to allied nations during wartime.
Example: The Lend-Lease Act supported allies in World War II
Suitable to be loaned.
Example: The funds were considered lendable
A person or institution that provides loans.
Example: The lender approved the mortgage
The act of giving money or property with the expectation of return.
Example: The bank focuses on lending services
A harmful or wrongful act causing injury or damage.
Example: The contract was void due to lesion
A person who rents property.
Example: The lessee signed the lease agreement
Smaller in degree or importance.
Example: He was charged with a lesser offense
A defense arguing that a crime was committed to prevent greater harm.
Example: The defendant claimed the lesser evils defense
A crime that is part of a more serious crime.
Example: Theft can be a lesser included offense
A person who rents out property.
Example: The lessor owns the building
A written communication or document.
Example: He sent a formal legal letter
A document granting someone authority to act for another.
Example: She signed a letter of attorney
A document guaranteeing payment from a bank.
Example: The seller required a letter of credit
The right to receive payment under a letter of credit.
Example: The company enforced its letter of credit right
A document outlining preliminary agreement terms.
Example: The parties signed a letter of intent
A government license allowing private ships to attack enemies.
Example: The ship operated under a letter of marque
A formal request from one court to another for assistance.
Example: The court issued a letter rogatory
A written decision issued by a government agency in response to a specific request.
Example: The IRS issued a letter ruling
Court documents authorizing someone to manage an estate without a will.
Example: She received letters of administration
Official documents granting rights or authority from the government.
Example: The invention was protected by letters patent
Court documents authorizing an executor to carry out a will.
Example: The executor was granted letters testamentary
The act of renting or leasing property.
Example: The letting of the apartment was finalized
A court order to seize property to satisfy a judgment.
Example: The court issued a levari facias
The use of borrowed funds to increase potential returns.
Example: The company used leverage to expand
Using borrowed money to invest.
Example: The deal was heavily leveraged
The purchase of a company using borrowed funds.
Example: The firm completed a leveraged buyout
The act of using resources to maximize advantage.
Example: The business is leveraging its assets
Capable of being seized to satisfy a debt.
Example: The property is leviable
Imposed or collected, often referring to taxes or fines.
Example: The government levied a tax
Taxes or charges imposed by authority.
Example: The city increased levies
To impose or collect a tax or seize property.
Example: The court ordered a levy on assets
The act of imposing or collecting.
Example: The state is levying new taxes
Obscene or indecent behavior.
Example: He was charged with lewd conduct
In an obscene or indecent manner.
Example: The act was performed lewdly
The quality of being obscene or indecent.
Example: The charge involved lewdness
The law of the court where a case is heard.
Example: The judge applied lex fori
The law of the place where a contract is made.
Example: The case followed lex loci contractus
The law of the place where a tort occurred.
Example: The court used lex loci delictii
Debts or obligations owed by a person or entity.
Example: The company listed its liabilities
Legal responsibility for one’s actions or debts.
Example: He accepted liability for the damages
Shared liability where each party is responsible for the full amount.
Example: The defendants had liability in solido
Insurance covering legal responsibility for damages.
Example: She purchased liability insurance
Responsibility imposed regardless of intent or negligence.
Example: The law applies liability without fault
Legally responsible.
Example: He was held liable for the injury
A false written statement that damages a person’s reputation.
Example: The article was considered libel
Libel requiring additional explanation to show harm.
Example: The case involved libel per quod
Libel that is obviously harmful on its face.
Example: The statement was libel per se
A person who files a libel claim.
Example: The libelant brought the case
Defamed in writing.
Example: He claimed he was libeled
The person accused of committing libel.
Example: The libelee denied the accusation
A person who commits libel.
Example: The libeler was sued
The act of defaming in writing.
Example: The case involved libeling
Another term for someone who brings a libel case.
Example: The libellant filed the complaint
Another form of libeled.
Example: She was libelled in print
Another term for the accused in a libel case.
Example: The libellee responded in court
Another form of libeling.
Example: The act of libelling was proven
Containing defamatory statements.
Example: The statements were libellous
Another spelling of libellous.
Example: The claims were libelous
A book or volume of public records.
Example: The deed was recorded in the liber
Relating to freeing from obligation or debt.
Example: The law has liberative effects
A legal rule that eliminates claims after a time period.
Example: The claim expired under liberative prescription
Rights and freedoms protected by law.
Example: Citizens enjoy civil liberties
Freedom from unreasonable restraint.
Example: The Constitution protects liberty
A contract provision allowing flexibility under certain conditions.
Example: The agreement included a liberty clause
A fundamental right protected by due process.
Example: The case involved a liberty interest
The right to freely enter into agreements.
Example: The court upheld liberty of contract
A benchmark interest rate used in global finance.
Example: Loans were based on LIBOR
Official permission to do something.
Example: She obtained a license to operate
A bond guaranteeing compliance with licensing rules.
Example: The business secured a license bond
Authorized by law.
Example: He is a licensed professional
A person granted permission by a license.
Example: The licensee must follow regulations
Someone invited onto property for a specific purpose.
Example: The customer was a licensee by invitation
The process of granting permission.
Example: The agency oversees licensing
The party granting a license.
Example: The licensor approved the agreement
Official certification or permission.
Example: She completed licensure requirements
Morally unrestrained, especially in behavior.
Example: The conduct was deemed licentious
In a morally unrestrained manner.
Example: He acted licentiously
The quality of being morally unrestrained.
Example: The case involved licentiousness
Lawful or permitted.
Example: The activity is licit
A public sale or auction of property.
Example: The property was sold through licitation
In a lawful manner.
Example: The contract was entered licitly
A false statement made with intent to deceive.
Example: He was accused of telling a lie
A device used to test truthfulness.
Example: The suspect took a lie detector test
A right transferred by written agreement.
Example: The easement lies in grant
A legal claim against property as security for a debt.
Example: The bank placed a lien on the house
A creditor who has a lien on property.
Example: The lien creditor filed a claim
Capable of being subject to a lien.
Example: The asset is lienable
A person whose property is subject to a lien.
Example: The lienee must satisfy the debt
A person or entity holding a lien.
Example: The bank is the lienholder
The person who places a lien.
Example: The contractor acted as the lienor
Payments made for the duration of a person’s life.
Example: She receives a life annuity
Property ownership lasting for a person’s lifetime.
Example: He holds a life estate in the property
The estimated length of a person’s life.
Example: The policy considered life expectancy
A person alive at a certain time used in legal calculations.
Example: The rule applies to a life in being
An annuity paying income for life.
Example: She chose a life income option
An annuity paying for life with a guaranteed minimum period.
Example: The plan includes a life income-period certain annuity
Insurance paying benefits upon death.
Example: He purchased life insurance
The right to use property during one’s lifetime.
Example: She has a life interest in the estate
A prison sentence lasting for life.
Example: He was given a life sentence
Selling a life insurance policy to a third party.
Example: The policy was sold as a life settlement
Possession of property for life.
Example: The agreement created a life tenancy
A person holding a life tenancy.
Example: The life tenant may use the property
An accounting method where last items in are sold first.
Example: The company uses LIFO accounting
To remove or cancel a legal restriction.
Example: The court decided to lift the order
A tax-deferred exchange of similar property.
Example: The investor used a like-kind exchange
A legal restriction or time limit.
Example: The claim is subject to limitation
The legal time limit for starting a lawsuit or filing criminal charges.
Her slip-and-fall claim was barred by the two-year statute of limitations.
A legal separation without ending the marriage.
Example: They filed for a limited divorce
A space where speech is restricted to certain topics.
Example: The school created a limited forum
A person with restricted legal capacity.
Example: The court declared him a limited interdict
A legal restriction on a person’s rights.
Example: The ruling imposed limited interdiction
Authority limited to certain cases.
Example: The court has limited jurisdiction
A business structure protecting owners from personal liability.
Example: She formed a limited liability company
A partnership where partners have limited liability.
Example: The firm operates as a limited liability partnership
A forum allowing limited types of speech.
Example: The school designated a limited open forum
A partner with limited liability and involvement.
Example: He invested as a limited partner
A partnership with general and limited partners.
Example: They created a limited partnership
Combining multiple partnerships into one entity.
Example: The firm completed a rollup transaction
Authority to designate who will receive certain property, within limits.
Example: She exercised a limited power of appointment
A person who is well-known in a specific issue or context.
Example: He was considered a limited public figure
A space where speech is restricted to certain subjects.
Example: The school created a limited public forum
Sharing information with a restricted group.
Example: The statement was released as limited publication
Someone who becomes prominent in a particular controversy.
Example: She was a limited purpose public figure
A set amount of money a borrower can access.
Example: The business secured a line of credit
The power to reject specific parts of a bill.
Example: The governor used a line-item veto
Relating to direct ancestry or descendants.
Example: The property passed to lineal heirs
A group of individuals presented for identification.
Example: The witness identified the suspect in a lineup
Easily converted to cash.
Example: The asset is considered liquid
To convert assets into cash.
Example: The company chose to liquidate its assets
Converted into cash.
Example: The property was liquidated
Pre-agreed damages specified in a contract.
Example: The contract included liquidated damages
The process of converting assets to cash.
Example: The firm is liquidating its holdings
The process of ending a business by selling assets.
Example: The company entered liquidation
A person responsible for liquidating assets.
Example: The court appointed a liquidator
The ease of converting assets into cash.
Example: The company maintains high liquidity
A notice that a property is involved in litigation.
Example: A lis pendens was filed on the property
A record or register of items or persons.
Example: The property was placed on a legal list
The act of placing property for sale.
Example: The house listing was updated
A contract between a property owner and a broker.
Example: She signed a listing agreement
Capable of being taken to court.
Example: The dispute is litigable
A party involved in a lawsuit.
Example: Each litigant presented arguments
To take legal action in court.
Example: They chose to litigate the dispute
Resolved through legal action.
Example: The case was litigated in court
Engaging in a lawsuit.
Example: The parties are litigating the issue
The process of taking legal action.
Example: The company is involved in litigation
Relating to litigation.
Example: The issue is litigational in nature
A lawyer who specializes in lawsuits.
Example: She works as a litigator
Related to legal disputes or lawsuits.
Example: The process is litigatory
Prone to engaging in lawsuits.
Example: He is known to be litigious
A right that is currently disputed in court.
Example: The claim is a litigious right
In a manner involving frequent lawsuits.
Example: The matter was handled litigiously
The tendency to engage in litigation.
Example: The company’s litigiousness increased
Relating to land near a shore.
Example: The property is in a littoral zone
Rights concerning property near water.
Example: The owner has littoral rights
A formal transfer of land ownership in old law.
Example: The land was transferred by livery of seisin
A trust created during a person’s lifetime.
Example: She established a living trust
A document stating medical wishes if incapacitated.
Example: He signed a living will
Bachelor of Laws degree.
Example: She earned an LL.B.
Master of Laws degree.
Example: He completed an LL.M.
Limited Liability Company.
Example: The business is registered as an LLC
A burden or charge placed on something.
Example: The financial load increased
Money borrowed with the expectation of repayment.
Example: She applied for a loan
A loan where items are used and not returned in original form.
Example: Money is a loan for consumption
A loan where the exact item must be returned.
Example: The tool was a loan for use
An employee temporarily working for another employer.
Example: The worker was a loaned servant
Attempted to influence legislation.
Example: The group lobbied for reform
Groups that seek to influence government decisions.
Example: Various lobbies supported the bill
To try to influence lawmakers.
Example: They lobby for policy changes
A person who engages in lobbying.
Example: The lobbyer met with officials
The act of influencing legislation.
Example: Lobbying efforts increased
A person who works to influence legislation.
Example: The lobbyist represented the company
Relating to a specific area.
Example: The issue is governed by local law
A law applying to a specific region.
Example: The legislature passed a local act
A legal case tied to a specific location.
Example: The case was a local action
Laws governing a specific area.
Example: The issue is covered by local law
A branch of a labor union in a specific area.
Example: The local union organized workers
A Supreme Court case addressing labor laws and liberty of contract.
Example: Lochner v. New York impacted labor regulation
A restriction on movement for security reasons.
Example: The facility went into lockdown
When employers prevent workers from working during disputes.
Example: The company initiated a lockout
Temporary detention facility.
Example: The suspect was placed in lockup
The place where something occurs.
Example: The locus of the dispute matters
Opportunity to withdraw from a contract before completion.
Example: He exercised locus poenitentiae
A guiding principle in legal decisions, often in fee calculations.
Example: The court used the lodestar method
A person who rents a room.
Example: The lodger stayed temporarily
A Supreme Court case involving labor and antitrust law.
Example: Loewe v. Lawlor addressed union actions
A record of events.
Example: The company kept a log of activities
Exchanging favors to gain support for legislation.
Example: The bill passed through logrolling
To remain in a place without purpose.
Example: He was cited for loitering
A global benchmark interest rate.
Example: Loans were tied to the London Interbank Offered Rate
Extended in duration or amount.
Example: The contract had long terms
Referring to laws extending jurisdiction beyond borders.
Example: The court used long-arm authority
A law allowing courts to reach out-of-state defendants.
Example: The case relied on a long-arm statute
Profit from assets held over a long period.
Example: The sale resulted in a long-term capital gain
To steal goods, often during chaos.
Example: The store was looted
A person who steals during disorder.
Example: The looter was arrested
A law allowing wrongful death claims.
Example: The case relied on Lord Campbell's Act
A high-ranking legal official in the UK.
Example: The Lord Chancellor oversees courts
Members of the upper house in the UK Parliament.
Example: The bill was reviewed by the Lords
Financial or personal harm.
Example: The company suffered a loss
A product sold at a loss to attract customers.
Example: The store used a loss leader
Damages for not receiving expected contract benefits.
Example: He claimed loss of bargain
A legal claim for losing the companionship, affection, or support of a spouse due to injury.
She added a loss of consortium claim after the crash left her husband unable to work or socialize.
The ratio of losses to premiums in insurance.
Example: The insurer tracked its loss ratio
Funds set aside to cover future claims.
Example: The company increased its loss reserve
Same as loss leader.
Example: The item was a loss-leader
No longer possessed or located.
Example: The property was lost
Property unintentionally separated from the owner.
Example: The wallet was lost property
A seller who loses potential sales due to breach.
Example: The dealer was a lost volume seller
A parcel of land.
Example: The house sits on a lot
A set of laws governing civil matters in Louisiana.
Example: The case followed the Louisiana Civil Code
A court of lesser authority than higher courts.
Example: The decision came from a lower court
Law School Admission Test.
Example: She prepared for the LSAT
Producing profit.
Example: The deal was lucrative
Acquisition of property without payment.
Example: The gift was a lucrative title
In a profitable manner.
Example: The business operated lucratively
The quality of being profitable.
Example: The investment showed lucrativeness
For the sake of profit or gain.
Example: The action was taken lucri causa
A one-time payment of spousal support.
Example: The court awarded lump sum alimony
An outdated legal term referring to mental incapacity.
Example: The case once used the term lunacy
An outdated term for a person considered mentally incompetent.
Example: The law historically referred to a lunatic
A tax on expensive or non-essential goods.
Example: The government imposed a luxury tax
Making a false statement with intent to deceive.
Example: He was accused of lying under oath
Hiding with the intent to commit a crime.
Example: The charge included lying in wait
To punish without legal trial, often by a mob.
Example: The mob attempted to lynch the suspect
Informal punishment carried out without legal authority.
Example: The town resorted to lynch law
A person who participates in a lynching.
Example: The lyncher was later prosecuted
The act of punishing someone without legal process.
Example: Lynching is a violation of justice
Mergers and acquisitions, referring to the consolidation of companies.
Example: The firm specializes in M&A deals
A rule for determining insanity in criminal law.
Example: The defense relied on the test
A system used for tax depreciation of assets.
Example: The company used MACRS for deductions
A judicial officer with limited authority.
Example: The magistrate reviewed the case
A lower court handling minor cases.
Example: The case was heard in magistrate court
A federal judge who assists district courts.
Example: The magistrate judge issued a recommendation
A historic document limiting government power and protecting rights.
Example: The Magna Carta influenced modern law
Another spelling of Magna Carta.
Example: The Magna Charta established legal principles
Fraud involving the use of mail services.
Example: He was charged with mail fraud
A rule that acceptance of a contract is valid when sent.
Example: The contract was accepted under the mailbox rule
To injure seriously or permanently.
Example: The attack intended to maim
A pooled fund in a trust or estate.
Example: The assets were placed in the main pot
A rule regarding contract obligations tied to personal benefit.
Example: The court applied the main purpose rule
Financial support provided to a spouse.
Example: The court ordered maintenance payments
An adult legally responsible for actions.
Example: He is considered a major
A labor dispute over contract terms.
Example: The union declared a major dispute
Government actions requiring environmental review.
Example: The project was a major federal action
Relating to rule by the majority.
Example: The system is majoritarian
Groups holding more than half of votes.
Example: The bill passed with majorities
More than half of a group.
Example: The decision required a majority
The leader of the majority party in a legislative body.
Example: The majority leader scheduled the vote
The official decision of the court agreed upon by most judges.
Example: The majority opinion set precedent
A shareholder owning more than 50% of shares.
Example: She is the majority shareholder
To secure release by paying bail.
Example: He was able to make bail
The person who signs or creates a financial instrument.
Example: The maker signed the note
Acts that are inherently wrong.
Example: Murder is mala in se
Acts that are wrong because they are prohibited by law.
Example: Traffic violations are mala prohibita
Wrongdoing or misconduct by a public official.
Example: The official was accused of malfeasance
Intent to harm or act wrongfully.
Example: The crime required proof of malice
Intent to kill or cause serious harm.
Example: The charge required malice aforethought
Actual intent to harm.
Example: The plaintiff proved malice in fact
Intent inferred by law from wrongful acts.
Example: The court found malice in law
Done with intent to harm.
Example: The act was malicious
Intentional damage to property.
Example: The charge was malicious mischief
Filing a baseless lawsuit with harmful intent.
Example: She sued for malicious prosecution
In a harmful or wrongful manner.
Example: He acted maliciously
The quality of intending harm.
Example: The case showed maliciousness
A Supreme Court case on self-incrimination rights.
Example: Malloy v. Hogan applied the Fifth Amendment
Professional negligence causing harm.
Example: The doctor was sued for malpractice
An act inherently wrong.
Example: Theft is malum in se
An act wrong because it is prohibited.
Example: Parking violations are malum prohibitum
Software designed to harm or exploit systems.
Example: The attack involved malware
A person who directs or controls operations.
Example: The manager oversees the business
A person authorized to act on behalf of a company.
Example: The managing agent signed the contract
A court order requiring a public official to perform a duty.
Example: The court issued a writ of mandamus
Required by law or rule, with no option to refuse or change it.
The judge applied the mandatory minimum sentence required by state law.
Unlawfully causing a person's death without the planning or intent required for murder.
A sudden fight that turned deadly led to a manslaughter charge rather than murder.
Assets a married couple acquires during the marriage that may be divided in a divorce.
The house they bought after the wedding was considered marital property.
To adjust asset values to current market prices.
Example: The portfolio was marked to the market
The current price of an asset in the market.
Example: The stock was sold at market price
The portion of a market controlled by a company.
Example: The firm increased its market share
The estimated worth of property or assets.
Example: The home was appraised at market value
A contract provision based on market value.
Example: The agreement included a market value clause
Able to be sold or transferred.
Example: The property is marketable
A title free from disputes or defects.
Example: The buyer required marketable title
A place or system where goods are bought and sold.
Example: The company entered the marketplace
A legally recognized union between individuals.
Example: The couple entered into marriage
An official document proving marriage.
Example: They obtained a marriage certificate
A legal permit to marry.
Example: The couple applied for a marriage license
An agreement outlining property rights in marriage.
Example: The marriage settlement defined assets
A court officer; to arrange or enforce.
Example: The marshal executed the warrant
Arranged or organized.
Example: The assets were marshaled
The act of arranging assets to satisfy debts.
Example: The court ordered marshaling of assets
Alternative spelling of marshal.
Example: The marshall served the order
Another form of marshaled.
Example: The resources were marshalled
Another form of marshaling.
Example: The process involved marshalling assets
Military control over civilian government.
Example: The region was placed under martial law
A Supreme Court case affirming federal judicial authority.
Example: The case expanded federal power
A Supreme Court case on executive authority.
Example: The case addressed presidential power
A secret agreement between parties in litigation.
Example: The case involved a Mary Carter agreement
A large quantity or group.
Example: The case involved a mass of evidence
A business trust structure.
Example: The company operated as a Massachusetts trust
A person with authority or control.
Example: The master oversaw operations
A document establishing a condominium or property structure.
Example: The development included a master deed
A court officer handling certain legal matters.
Example: The master in chancery reviewed the case
A business partnership with publicly traded interests.
Example: The company formed a master limited partnership
An advanced law degree.
Example: She earned a Master of Laws
Significant or relevant; important information.
Example: The evidence was material
A significant change to a document or contract.
Example: The contract was void due to material alteration
A serious failure to perform a contract.
Example: The delay was a material breach
Evidence important to a case.
Example: The court reviewed material evidence
A fact that could affect the outcome of a case.
Example: The dispute involved a material fact
A witness whose testimony is essential.
Example: He was a material witness
A warrant to secure a witness’s presence.
Example: The court issued a material witness warrant
The importance of a fact or evidence.
Example: The court assessed materiality
In a significant way.
Example: The outcome was materially affected
A lien for unpaid materials supplied for construction.
Example: The supplier filed a materialman’s lien
The killing of one’s mother.
Example: He was charged with matricide
A subject or issue.
Example: The court considered the matter
The issue disputed in a case.
Example: The matter in controversy was unclear
The issue being argued.
Example: The matter in dispute involved property
The key question in a case.
Example: The matter in issue was liability
A factual issue decided by a jury.
Example: The jury decided the matter of fact
A procedural issue.
Example: The objection was a matter of form
A legal issue decided by a judge.
Example: The judge ruled on a matter of law
Officially documented information.
Example: The decision is a matter of record
A significant issue affecting a case.
Example: The dispute was a matter of substance
Fully developed or due; to become due.
Example: The debt is mature
Reached due status.
Example: The loan matured
Becoming due.
Example: The bond is maturing
The date when an obligation is due.
Example: The loan reached maturity
Violent injury causing disfigurement.
Example: He was charged with mayhem
The head of a city government.
Example: The mayor signed the ordinance
A local court handling minor cases.
Example: The case was heard in mayor’s court
Mortgage-backed securities.
Example: The bank invested in MBS
A law regulating campaign finance.
Example: The act limited donations
A law related to national security and immigration.
Example: The act affected immigration policy
A Supreme Court case on federal power.
Example: The case strengthened federal authority
A rule excluding improperly obtained confessions.
Example: The defense cited the rule
A boundary following natural features.
Example: The property follows a meander line
Resources or methods used to achieve something.
Example: The means were unlawful
The method for calculating compensation.
Example: The court determined the measure of damages
A lien for unpaid labor or services.
Example: The contractor filed a mechanic’s lien
A fact that helps establish another fact.
Example: The case relied on a mediate fact
A process where a neutral party helps resolve disputes.
Example: The parties agreed to mediation
A neutral third party in mediation.
Example: The mediator facilitated discussion
A government healthcare program for low-income individuals.
Example: She qualified for Medicaid
An official who investigates causes of death.
Example: The examiner issued a report
A document granting healthcare decision authority.
Example: He signed a medical power of attorney
A federal health insurance program.
Example: He receives Medicare benefits
A meeting where creditors review a debtor’s case.
Example: The bankruptcy included a meeting of creditors
Mutual agreement between parties in a contract.
Example: The contract required a meeting of the minds
A law requiring registration of sex offenders.
Example: Megan’s Law mandates public notification
Written notes or records.
Example: The file included memoranda
A written statement or record.
Example: The attorney drafted a memorandum
A clause summarizing contract terms.
Example: The agreement included a memorandum clause
A brief court ruling.
Example: The judge issued a memorandum decision
A written document submitted to a court that explains legal arguments and supporting authority.
The attorney filed a memorandum of law arguing the case should be dismissed.
A written explanation of a court’s decision.
Example: The court released a memorandum opinion
Another form of memoranda.
Example: The case included memorandums
A threat; to threaten.
Example: He was charged with menace
Threatened.
Example: The victim was menaced
Threatening behavior; acting in a threatening way.
Example: The act was considered menacing
In a threatening manner.
Example: He approached menacingly
The mental intent required for a crime.
Example: The prosecution must prove mens rea
Emotional suffering.
Example: She claimed mental anguish
Emotional abuse.
Example: The divorce cited mental cruelty
A condition affecting mental capacity.
Example: The defense argued mental defect
Impaired mental ability.
Example: The case involved mental deficiency
A recognized psychological condition.
Example: The defendant claimed mental disease
A condition affecting behavior or thinking.
Example: The evaluation showed mental disorder
Emotional suffering or anxiety.
Example: The plaintiff sought damages for mental distress
A disruption of normal mental state.
Example: The act was caused by mental disturbance
A diagnosable mental condition.
Example: The court considered mental illness
Emotional pain or distress.
Example: He claimed mental suffering
Plural of mens rea.
Example: The case involved multiple mentes reae
A person engaged in trade or commerce.
Example: The merchant sold goods
The suitability of goods for sale.
Example: The product met merchantability standards
Fit for sale.
Example: The goods were merchantable
A title free from defects that can be legally transferred.
Example: The buyer required merchantable title
Ending a life to relieve suffering.
Example: The case involved alleged mercy killing
To combine legal rights or entities.
Example: The companies agreed to merge
Combined into one.
Example: The two firms merged
The combination of two entities into one.
Example: The merger was approved
A contract clause stating the agreement is complete.
Example: The contract included a merger clause
The act of combining.
Example: The companies are merging operations
The legal validity of a claim.
Example: The case has merit
A decision based on the actual facts and law of a case rather than on technicalities.
The judge dismissed the case on the merits after hearing all the evidence.
A workplace where employment is based on merit rather than union membership.
Example: The company operates as a merit shop
A federal agency overseeing employee rights.
Example: The case went before the board
Having legal value or deserving recognition.
Example: The claim was meritorious
A valid legal defense.
Example: He presented a meritorious defense
Intermediate legal proceedings.
Example: The court issued mesne process
Profits earned from land by someone in wrongful possession.
Example: The owner claimed mesne profits
A dwelling house with attached land.
Example: The deed described a messuage
A method of describing land boundaries.
Example: The property was defined by metes and bounds
A court serving an urban area.
Example: The case was filed in metropolitan court
A court for trying military-related offenses.
Example: The case went to a military commission
Government run by military authority.
Example: The region was under military government
Laws governing armed forces.
Example: The issue falls under military law
A lease granting rights to extract minerals.
Example: The company signed a mineral lease
The right to extract minerals from land.
Example: The owner retained mineral rights
A jurisdictional rule requiring at least one party from a different state.
Example: The case met minimal diversity
A legal standard for jurisdiction over a party.
Example: The court examined minimum contacts
The lowest legal pay for workers.
Example: Employees must receive minimum wage
A lease allowing mining activities.
Example: The land was under a mining lease
A partnership for mining operations.
Example: They formed a mining partnership
Relating to duties performed without discretion.
Example: The act was ministerial
A rule protecting religious organizations in employment decisions.
Example: The case involved the ministerial exception
A non-binding dispute resolution process.
Example: The parties agreed to a minitrial
A person under legal age; relating to lesser importance.
Example: He is considered a minor
A labor dispute over interpretation of an agreement.
Example: The union raised a minor dispute
A Supreme Court case on voting rights.
Example: The case addressed suffrage
Groups smaller in number within a population.
Example: The policy affected minorities
A group less than half of a total.
Example: The minority opposed the bill
A shareholder with less than 50% ownership.
Example: She is a minority shareholder
An official record of proceedings.
Example: The clerk recorded the minute
A record of official proceedings.
Example: The meeting was documented in the minute book
Referring to rights given to suspects.
Example: The suspect was read Miranda
A card listing rights read to suspects.
Example: The officer used a Miranda card
Rights informing suspects of silence and counsel.
Example: He was read his Miranda rights
A Supreme Court case establishing rights of suspects.
Example: The case protects defendants
Statements informing suspects of their rights.
Example: The officer gave Miranda warnings
To inform someone of their rights.
Example: The officer must mirandize the suspect
Having been informed of rights.
Example: He was properly mirandized
The act of informing someone of rights.
Example: The officer was mirandizing the suspect
An accidental harmful act.
Example: The death was ruled misadventure
Improper use of something.
Example: The funds were misapplied
Used incorrectly.
Example: The law was misapplied
To use improperly.
Example: He tried to misapply the rule
The act of using incorrectly.
Example: The error involved misapplying the law
To take something unlawfully.
Example: He misappropriated funds
The unlawful taking of property.
Example: The case involved misappropriation
To label falsely.
Example: The company misbranded the product
A failure of justice.
Example: The conviction was a miscarriage of justice
Improper or illegal behavior.
Example: The employee was fired for misconduct
A person charged with a misdemeanor.
Example: The misdemeanant appeared in court
A less serious criminal offense.
Example: He was charged with a misdemeanor
A killing resulting from a misdemeanor.
Example: The charge was misdemeanor-manslaughter
Improper performance of a lawful act.
Example: The case involved misfeasance
Incorrect joining of parties in a lawsuit.
Example: The court dismissed for misjoinder
To give false information.
Example: He tried to mislead the jury
Giving false impressions; the act of misleading.
Example: The advertisement was misleading
Caused to believe something false.
Example: The client was misled
Incorrect naming.
Example: The filing contained a misnomer
Failure to report a crime.
Example: He was charged with misprision
To present falsely.
Example: She misrepresented the facts
A false statement of fact.
Example: The claim involved misrepresentation
Giving a false impression.
Example: The data was misrepresentative
A person who makes false statements.
Example: The misrepresenter was sued
A law addressing slavery in U.S. territories.
Example: The compromise shaped policy
A Supreme Court case on treaty power.
Example: The case expanded federal authority
An error in understanding or action.
Example: The contract involved a mistake
An error about a factual situation.
Example: He claimed mistake of fact
An error about legal rules.
Example: Mistake of law is usually not a defense
A trial invalidated due to error.
Example: The judge declared a mistrial
To reduce severity.
Example: The court sought to mitigate damages
Reduced in severity.
Example: The harm was mitigated
Lessening seriousness; the act of reducing harm.
Example: The defense presented mitigating evidence
A factor reducing blame or punishment.
Example: The court considered mitigating circumstances
The act of reducing harm.
Example: The plaintiff attempted mitigation
A duty to minimize losses.
Example: He failed to mitigate damages
Having the effect of reducing harm.
Example: The action was mitigative
A person or factor that reduces harm.
Example: The evidence acted as a mitigator
Intended to lessen severity.
Example: The measures were mitigatory
A court order for detention.
Example: The judge issued a mittimus
Modus operandi, a method of operation.
Example: The suspect’s MO was consistent
Property that can be moved.
Example: The case involved mobile goods
A set of standardized criminal laws.
Example: The state adopted parts of the Model Penal Code
A standard for determining criminal responsibility.
Example: The court applied the test
Reasonable force used in certain situations.
Example: The officer used moderate force
A tax depreciation system.
Example: The asset was depreciated under this system
A method of doing something, especially a crime.
Example: The criminal’s modus operandi was clear
Portions or shares.
Example: The estate was divided into moieties
A portion or share.
Example: Each heir received a moiety
To interfere with or harm.
Example: He was charged with molesting
Improper or unlawful interference.
Example: The charge involved molestation
A person who commits molestation.
Example: The molester was prosecuted
To convert something into money.
Example: The company monetized its assets
Converted into money.
Example: The company monetized its assets
The act of converting into money.
Example: The platform is monetizing content
A medium of exchange.
Example: The contract required payment in money
A bill dealing with taxation or government spending.
Example: The legislature passed a money bill
A court order requiring payment of money.
Example: The court issued a money judgment
The crime of hiding the illegal source of money by moving it through legitimate-looking transactions.
The restaurant was used for money laundering to disguise profits from drug sales.
A market for short-term financial instruments.
Example: The investment was placed in the money market
A prepaid payment instrument.
Example: He paid using a money order
Having wealth or financial resources.
Example: The moneyed class influenced policy
Capital in the form of money used for investment.
Example: The firm relied on moneyed capital
A corporation engaged in financial activities.
Example: The bank is a moneyed corporation
Funds or sums of money.
Example: The statute referred to public moneys
Another term for funds or sums of money.
Example: The account held various monies
Markets dominated by a single seller.
Example: The law restricts monopolies
The act of gaining control of a market.
Example: The company was accused of monopolization
To dominate a market.
Example: The firm attempted to monopolize trade
Gained exclusive control.
Example: The industry was monopolized
The act of dominating a market.
Example: The practice involved monopolizing
Exclusive control over a market.
Example: The company held a monopoly
No longer subject to dispute; to raise for discussion.
Example: The issue became moot
A simulated court proceeding for practice.
Example: She participated in moot court
The condition of no longer being a live issue.
Example: The case was dismissed for mootness
A rule preventing courts from hearing moot cases.
Example: The court applied the mootness doctrine
A high level of confidence in a conclusion.
Example: The jury reached moral certainty
Risk arising when one party takes more risks because another bears the cost.
Example: Insurance can create moral hazard
A right based on ethical principles.
Example: The artist claimed a moral right
Conduct that is morally wrong or shameful.
Example: The crime involved moral turpitude
Plural of moratorium.
Example: The government imposed moratoria
A temporary suspension of activity.
Example: The court ordered a moratorium
Another form of moratoria.
Example: Several moratoriums were enacted
Relating to delay or suspension.
Example: The law had a moratory effect
Damages for delay in fulfilling an obligation.
Example: The plaintiff sought moratory damages
A place where bodies are kept.
Example: The body was taken to the morgue
An outdated and offensive term for intellectual disability.
Example: The term moron is no longer used in law
A law funding public universities.
Example: The act expanded education access
A loan secured by real property; to pledge property as security.
Example: He obtained a mortgage
A bond secured by real estate.
Example: The company issued a mortgage bond
A provision in a mortgage agreement.
Example: The contract included a mortgage clause
An investment backed by mortgage loans.
Example: The fund invested in mortgage-backed securities
The ability of property to secure a loan.
Example: The land lacked mortgageability
Capable of being used as security.
Example: The property is mortgageable
Pledged as security for a loan.
Example: The property was mortgaged
The lender in a mortgage.
Example: The bank is the mortgagee
The act of pledging property as security.
Example: He is mortgaging the property
The borrower in a mortgage.
Example: The mortgagor must repay the loan
In contemplation of death.
Example: The gift was made mortis causa
Ownership of land by an organization, often restricted.
Example: The land was held in mortmain
Laws limiting ownership of land by institutions.
Example: The property was subject to mortmain statutes
A clause ensuring equal treatment in agreements.
Example: The contract included this clause
A formal request made to a court.
Example: The attorney filed a motion
A request for clarification in pleadings.
Example: The defendant filed this motion
A request for a decision based on pleadings alone.
Example: The court reviewed the motion
A request to exclude certain evidence.
Example: The lawyer filed a motion in limine
A request to remove improper material.
Example: The defendant filed a motion to strike
A request to exclude illegally obtained evidence.
Example: The defense filed a motion to suppress
The reason behind an action.
Example: The prosecution argued motive
Capable of being moved; property that can be moved.
Example: The goods were movable
Property that is not fixed.
Example: The items were movable property
The party making a motion.
Example: The movant requested relief
To change position; an action taken.
Example: The court may move the case
Another form of movable.
Example: The assets are moveable
Changed position.
Example: The case was moved
A person who initiates action.
Example: The movent filed the request
In motion; the act of changing position.
Example: The process involved moving assets
Costs associated with relocation.
Example: The company covered moving expenses
Documents supporting a motion.
Example: The attorney filed moving papers
A traffic offense committed while driving.
Example: He received a moving violation
A robbery; to attack and rob.
Example: He was accused of mugging
A police photograph of a suspect.
Example: The mug shot was taken
Attacked and robbed.
Example: The victim was mugged
The act of attacking and robbing.
Example: The charge was mugging
To impose a fine or penalty.
Example: The court mulcted the offender
A Supreme Court case on labor laws.
Example: The case addressed worker protections
Involving multiple issues improperly combined.
Example: The complaint was multifarious
The condition of involving many issues.
Example: The case showed multifariousness
A shared real estate listing system.
Example: The home was in multiple listing
Insurance covering multiple risks.
Example: The policy included multiple-line insurance
Multiple counts or charges.
Example: The indictment contained multiplicities
Improperly charging the same offense multiple times.
Example: The charges were multiplicitous
The condition of having multiple counts.
Example: The case involved multiplicity
Relating to a city or town.
Example: The issue was municipal
A bond issued by a local government.
Example: The city issued a municipal bond
A city or town as a legal entity.
Example: The municipality is a municipal corporation
A court handling local matters.
Example: The case was heard in municipal court
Cities or towns with local government.
Example: The law applies to municipalities
A local government unit.
Example: The municipality enacted the rule
A document proving ownership.
Example: The deed served as muniment
A Supreme Court case on regulation of businesses.
Example: The case upheld regulation
The unlawful killing of another person with intent.
Example: He was charged with murder
A person who commits murder.
Example: The murderer was convicted
Shared between parties.
Example: The agreement was mutual
A company owned by its members.
Example: The insurer is a mutual company
An investment fund pooling money.
Example: She invested in a mutual fund
A shared error in a contract.
Example: The contract was void for mutual mistake
A will made jointly by two people.
Example: They created a mutual will
The condition of shared obligations.
Example: The contract required mutuality
In a shared manner.
Example: The parties agreed mutually
A loan of consumable goods to be replaced.
Example: The agreement was a mutuum
Loss of property under unknown circumstances.
Example: The claim involved mysterious disappearance
A sealed will presented to a notary.
Example: The will was a mystic testament
Another term for mystic testament.
Example: The document was a mystic will
Lacking protection, support, or additional elements in law.
Example: The claim was considered naked
A trust where the trustee holds title without active duties.
Example: The property was held in a naked land trust
A person allowed on property without benefit to the owner.
Example: The visitor was a naked licensee
An option contract not backed by ownership of the asset.
Example: The investor sold a naked option
A person who holds title without possession or use.
Example: He remained the naked owner of the land
Authority granted without an accompanying duty.
Example: The trustee had a naked power
A promise without consideration and not enforceable.
Example: The agreement was a naked promise
A trust where the trustee has minimal duties.
Example: The arrangement functioned as a naked trust
A civil law code established in France.
Example: Many systems are based on the Napoleonic Code
A law establishing NASA.
Example: The act created space exploration programs
A bank chartered by the federal government.
Example: The institution is a national bank
A law regulating national banks.
Example: The National Bank Act governs operations
A federal agency overseeing credit unions.
Example: The institution is regulated by this administration
A law requiring environmental review of federal actions.
Example: The project complied with the National Environmental Policy Act
A federal agency for road safety.
Example: The administration sets vehicle standards
A law aimed at economic recovery during the Great Depression.
Example: The act regulated industry practices
A law protecting workers’ rights to organize.
Example: The act supports unions
A federal agency overseeing labor practices.
Example: The case went before the board
A Supreme Court case on labor law and federal power.
Example: The case upheld federal regulation
A federal agency handling labor disputes in transportation.
Example: The board facilitated negotiations
A law reorganizing military and intelligence agencies.
Example: The act established defense structures
A U.S. intelligence agency.
Example: The agency handles signals intelligence
A federal agency investigating accidents.
Example: The board investigated the crash
To transfer private property to government ownership.
Example: The government voted to nationalize the industry
Transferred to government ownership.
Example: The company was nationalized
The act of transferring ownership to the government.
Example: The policy focuses on nationalizing resources
An agency that rates financial securities.
Example: The bond was rated by an approved organization
Existing by nature rather than by law.
Example: The right is considered natural
A foreseeable result of an action.
Example: The harm was a natural and probable consequence
Property produced by land naturally.
Example: Crops are natural fruit
A parent or person legally responsible for a child.
Example: The mother is the natural guardian
A person entitled to inherit by law.
Example: He is a natural heir
Law based on moral principles.
Example: The theory relies on natural law
A person who would normally inherit.
Example: The child is a natural object of bounty
A moral duty not enforceable by law.
Example: The duty was a natural obligation
A human being, as opposed to a legal entity.
Example: He is a natural person
A right inherent to individuals.
Example: Freedom is a natural right
A restriction on land based on natural conditions.
Example: The property has a natural servitude
The process of becoming a citizen.
Example: She completed naturalization
To grant citizenship.
Example: The government may naturalize immigrants
Having become a citizen.
Example: He is a naturalized citizen
The act of granting citizenship.
Example: The process involves naturalizing applicants
In a way consistent with nature.
Example: The right arises naturally
Waters that can be used for transportation.
Example: The river is navigable waters
Marked to show no changes can be made.
Example: The document was marked ne varietur
A Supreme Court case on freedom of the press.
Example: The case limited prior restraint
A Supreme Court case on economic regulation.
Example: The ruling upheld price controls
Essential goods or services.
Example: Parents must provide necessaries
A constitutional clause allowing Congress to make laws to carry out its powers.
Example: The law relied on the clause
A deposit made out of necessity.
Example: The item was held as a necessary deposit
A party required for a fair resolution of a case.
Example: The court added a necessary party
Essential items required for living.
Example: The contract covered necessities
A defense claiming an act was required to prevent harm.
Example: He raised the defense of necessity
A legal defense that breaking a law was justified to prevent a greater harm.
She raised the defense of necessity, explaining she ran the red light to get her bleeding son to the ER.
Failure to act when required.
Example: The case involved a negative act
A denial of a claim in legal pleadings.
Example: The defendant made a negative averment
A restriction preventing certain uses of property.
Example: The land had a negative easement
Testimony stating something did not occur.
Example: The witness gave negative testimony
Failure to provide proper care; to fail to care for.
Example: The case involved child neglect
Failing to provide proper care.
Example: The parent was neglectful
Failure to exercise reasonable care.
Example: The lawsuit was based on negligence
Negligence established by violation of a law.
Example: The violation constituted negligence per se
Acting without reasonable care.
Example: The driver was negligent
Allowing someone to use something when unfit.
Example: The claim involved negligent entrustment
Causing death through negligence.
Example: He was charged with negligent homicide
Without proper care.
Example: The act was done negligently
The ability to transfer an instrument.
Example: The contract lacked negotiability
Capable of being transferred.
Example: The instrument is negotiable
A document allowing transfer of goods.
Example: The shipment used this document
A signed document promising payment.
Example: The check is a negotiable instrument
To discuss terms to reach agreement.
Example: The parties will negotiate
Reached agreement through discussion.
Example: The contract was negotiated
The act of discussing terms.
Example: They are negotiating a deal
The process of reaching agreement.
Example: The negotiation took weeks
A person who negotiates.
Example: She is a skilled negotiator
Managing another’s affairs without authority.
Example: The case involved negotiorum gestio
A person managing another’s affairs without permission.
Example: He acted as a gestor
Remaining after deductions; the remainder.
Example: The net income was calculated
The value of an investment fund’s assets minus liabilities.
Example: The fund’s net asset value increased
Total assets minus liabilities.
Example: The company reported net assets
Profit after expenses.
Example: The business reported net income
A lease where the tenant pays additional costs.
Example: The agreement was a net lease
A listing where the seller sets a minimum price.
Example: The agent used a net listing
Loss that can offset future profits.
Example: The company carried a net operating loss
Insurance premium excluding expenses.
Example: The insurer calculated net premium
Liquid assets available immediately.
Example: The firm relied on net quick assets
An insurance premium based on valuation.
Example: The policy used this premium
Total assets minus liabilities.
Example: His net worth increased
A method of calculating income based on asset changes.
Example: The IRS used the method
Not favoring either side.
Example: The judge remained neutral
Without bias.
Example: The case was handled neutrally
The quality of being unbiased.
Example: The process ensured neutralness
Additional value given in a contract.
Example: The agreement required new consideration
A dispute arising from a new agreement.
Example: The case involved a new contract dispute
A reexamination of a case.
Example: The court ordered a new trial
Additional value provided in a transaction.
Example: The deal required new value
A Supreme Court case on defamation and free speech.
Example: The case set standards for libel
A Supreme Court case on prior restraint and press freedom.
Example: The ruling protected publication
A person representing someone unable to represent themselves.
Example: The minor appeared through a next friend
Closest living relatives.
Example: The estate passed to next of kin
A connection between facts or events.
Example: The court required a nexus between actions
Connections between facts or events.
Example: The case involved multiple nexuses
The period of night; relating to night.
Example: The search occurred during nighttime
A person suspected of unlawful activity at night.
Example: He was accused of being a nightwalker
A judgment entered when a defendant fails to respond.
Example: The court entered a nihil dicit judgment
A judgment due to failure to plead.
Example: The defendant faced a nihil-dicit judgment
Conditional or provisional.
Example: The order was nisi
A trial court where a case is first heard.
Example: The case began in nisi prius court
National Labor Relations Act.
Example: The dispute falls under the NLRA
National Labor Relations Board.
Example: The case went before the NLRB
Northern Mariana Islands.
Example: The law applied in the NMI
A decision by a grand jury not to indict.
Example: The jury returned no bill
A plea not admitting guilt but accepting punishment.
Example: He entered a no contest plea
A clause penalizing challenges to a will.
Example: The will included a no contest clause
Lack of proof supporting a claim.
Example: The case was dismissed for no evidence
Having no stated face value.
Example: The stock is no par
A grand jury decision not to indict.
Example: The jury returned no true bill
A provision preventing lawsuits without certain conditions.
Example: The bond included a no-action clause
A statement by a regulator not to take action.
Example: The agency issued a no-action letter
A will provision that disinherits anyone who challenges the will in court.
The no-contest clause discouraged her siblings from fighting over the will.
A rule stating no legal obligation exists in certain situations.
Example: The court applied the no-duty doctrine
A rule regarding lack of direct witnesses.
Example: The case relied on the no-eyewitness rule
Not requiring proof of fault.
Example: The system is no-fault
Divorce without proving wrongdoing.
Example: They filed for no-fault divorce
Entry without prior announcement.
Example: Officers executed a no-knock warrant
A warrant allowing entry without notice.
Example: The police obtained a no-knock search warrant
Without additional fees.
Example: The fund is no-load
Stock without a par value.
Example: The company issued no-par stock
Another term for no-par stock.
Example: Investors purchased no-par value stock
Prohibiting labor strikes.
Example: The contract included a no-strike clause
Protection for petitioning the government from liability.
Example: The defense relied on this doctrine
Net operating loss.
Example: The company reported an NOL
Informal term for nolle prosequi.
Example: The case was nol-prossed
Charges dropped.
Example: The charges were nol-prossed
The act of dropping charges.
Example: The prosecutor is nol-prossing the case
Short form of nolle prosequi.
Example: The case ended in nolle
Abbreviation for nolle prosequi.
Example: The prosecutor entered nolle pros
A formal abandonment of prosecution; to drop charges.
Example: The prosecutor entered nolle prosequi
Charges formally dropped.
Example: The case was nolle prossed
The act of dropping charges.
Example: The prosecutor was nolle prossing the case
Short for nolo contendere.
Example: The defendant entered a nolo plea
A plea accepting punishment without admitting guilt.
Example: He pleaded nolo contendere
Minimal or in name only.
Example: The fee was nominal
A small amount used to validate a contract.
Example: The contract included nominal consideration
A small sum awarded when no substantial harm is proven.
Example: The court awarded nominal damages
A party named in a case without real interest.
Example: The trustee was a nominal party
In name only or slightly.
Example: He was nominally in charge
To formally propose someone.
Example: The committee will nominate a candidate
A contract where a party may designate another.
Example: The agreement was a nominate contract
Formally proposed.
Example: She was nominated for the position
The act of proposing.
Example: They are nominating candidates
The act of formally proposing.
Example: The nomination was approved
A person designated or proposed.
Example: The nominee accepted the role
A trust where the trustee holds title for another.
Example: The property was held in a nominee trust
Not of sound mind.
Example: The defendant was non compos mentis
A defense claiming a document was signed unknowingly.
Example: He raised non est factum
A return indicating a person could not be found.
Example: The summons was returned non est inventus
A judgment entered when a plaintiff fails to proceed.
Example: The court entered a non prosequitur
A plea similar to nolo contendere.
Example: The defendant entered non vult contendere
Meaning not or without.
Example: The term nonbinding means not enforceable
A partnership not engaged in business for profit.
Example: The group formed a non-commercial partnership
Not central to a main function.
Example: The matter was non-core
A proceeding not central to bankruptcy cases.
Example: The issue was a non-core proceeding
A contract that legally prevents someone from sharing specific confidential information.
Before starting the job, she signed a non-disclosure agreement about the company's product plans.
Without a jury.
Example: The case was tried as non-jury
Not related to funds used to buy property.
Example: The loan was non-purchase money
Limiting recovery to specific collateral.
Example: The loan was non-recourse
A loan agreement limiting lender recovery to collateral.
Example: The borrower signed a non-recourse note
A person not subject to generation-skipping transfer tax.
Example: The heir was a non-skip person
Legal disabilities or restrictions.
Example: The law imposed nonabilities
Lack of legal capacity.
Example: The contract failed due to nonability
Refusal to accept a legal decision.
Example: The agency showed nonacquiescence
An asset not recognized for regulatory purposes.
Example: The item was a nonadmitted asset
Failure to appear in court.
Example: The defendant’s nonappearance caused delay
Based on reason rather than randomness.
Example: The rule must be nonarbitrary
Not capable of being transferred.
Example: The contract was nonassignable
A financial entity that is not a bank.
Example: The company operates as a nonbank
An institution performing banking functions without full status.
Example: The firm qualified as a nonbank bank
Not involving banking activities.
Example: The service is nonbanking
Not legally enforceable.
Example: The agreement was nonbinding
Not violating a contract.
Example: The nonbreaching party sought damages
Not relating to capital.
Example: The expense was noncapital
Not involving money.
Example: The payment was noncash
A person who is not a citizen.
Example: The law applies to noncitizens
A law limiting claims against estates.
Example: The claim was barred by a nonclaim statute
Not complying with rules or standards.
Example: The structure was nonconforming
A use of property that does not comply with zoning laws.
Example: The building was a nonconforming use
Instances of noncompliance.
Example: The report listed nonconformities
Failure to comply with standards.
Example: The issue involved nonconformity
Without agreement or consent.
Example: The act was nonconsensual
Not used up in consumption.
Example: The item is nonconsumable
Not contributing or requiring contribution.
Example: The plan was noncontributory
Not having controlling authority.
Example: He held a noncontrolling interest
Not involving a crime.
Example: The matter was noncriminal
Not involving detention.
Example: The sentence was noncustodial
Force not intended to cause death.
Example: The officer used nondeadly force
A tax rule limiting deductions for certain interests.
Example: The estate was affected by the rule
The inability to transfer responsibility.
Example: The duty involved nondelegability
Not capable of being transferred.
Example: The duty was nondelegable
A principle limiting transfer of legislative power.
Example: The court applied the doctrine
Failure to reveal information.
Example: The case involved nondisclosure
Not involving parties from different states.
Example: The case was nondiverse
A right shared with others to use property.
Example: The land had a nonexclusive easement
A real estate listing allowing multiple agents.
Example: The property had a nonexclusive listing
Failure to act when required.
Example: The claim involved nonfeasance
An insurance option preserving benefits after lapse.
Example: The policy included a nonforfeiture option
A will allowing administration without court supervision.
Example: The estate followed a nonintervention will
Failure to include a necessary party in a case.
Example: The case was dismissed for nonjoinder
Not involving a court.
Example: The process was nonjudicial
Not recognized as a legal entity.
Example: The group was nonjuridical
The quality of not being suitable for court review.
Example: The issue involved nonjusticiability
Not appropriate for court resolution.
Example: The matter was nonjusticiable
The inability to transfer an instrument.
Example: The document lacked nonnegotiability
Not capable of being transferred.
Example: The instrument was nonnegotiable
A document for shipment that cannot be transferred.
Example: The shipment used a nonnegotiable bill of lading
Not having a stated face value.
Example: The shares were nonpar
Not sharing in profits or benefits.
Example: The policy is nonparticipating
Failure to complete a legal requirement.
Example: The lien failed due to nonperfection
Failure to fulfill a contractual duty.
Example: The case involved nonperformance
Not subject to probate proceedings.
Example: The asset was nonprobate
Not owned exclusively.
Example: The information is nonproprietary
Dismissal for failure to proceed; to dismiss.
Example: The case was nonprossed
Dismissed for lack of prosecution.
Example: The claim was nonprossed
The act of dismissing a case for inactivity.
Example: The court was nonprossing cases
Government property not open for public expression.
Example: The area was classified as a nonpublic forum
Failure to extend a contract or agreement.
Example: The policy ended due to nonrenewal
A dismissal of a case; to dismiss.
Example: The judge granted a nonsuit
Failure to provide required support.
Example: The charge involved nonsupport
A partnership not engaged in commerce.
Example: The group formed a nontrading partnership
Not affiliated with a labor union.
Example: The company is nonunion
Failure to use a right or property.
Example: The easement was lost through nonuse
A law limiting federal court involvement in labor disputes.
Example: The act protected unions
A Supreme Court case on antitrust law.
Example: The case broke up monopolies
A rule that words are understood by their context.
Example: The court applied noscitur a sociis
A verdict of no criminal liability.
Example: The jury returned not guilty
A verdict excusing liability due to mental illness.
Example: The defendant was found not guilty by reason of insanity
Relating to a notary.
Example: The document required notarial certification
In a manner involving a notary.
Example: The document was notarized notarially
Officials authorized to witness signatures.
Example: Notaries public verify documents
To certify a document through a notary.
Example: She went to notarize the form
Officially certified by a notary.
Example: The contract was notarized
The act of certifying documents.
Example: He is notarizing the agreement
An official authorized to certify documents.
Example: The notary public witnessed the signature
Plural of notary public.
Example: Several notary publics were present
A written promise to pay; to record.
Example: He signed a promissory note
Recorded or acknowledged.
Example: The objection was noted
Information given; to inform.
Example: The tenant received notice
Notice given through public announcement.
Example: The court allowed notice by publication
A notice that litigation affects property.
Example: A notice of pendency was filed
A system requiring general statements of claims.
Example: The complaint met notice pleading standards
A process allowing public input on regulations.
Example: The agency followed notice-and-comment rulemaking
Formally recognized or informed.
Example: The hearing was noticed
The act of giving formal notice.
Example: The attorney is noticing depositions
Recording or acknowledging.
Example: The clerk is noting the entry
Widely known, often negatively.
Example: The defendant was notorious
Possession that is open and obvious.
Example: The claim involved notorious possession
Replacing an old contract with a new one.
Example: The parties agreed to a novation
New or unusual items.
Example: The shop sold novelties
The quality of being new or original.
Example: The invention lacked novelty
Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization.
Example: The bond was rated by an NRSRO
A check returned for insufficient funds.
Example: The bank rejected the NSF check
A federal agency regulating nuclear safety.
Example: The commission oversees nuclear operations
An agreement lacking consideration and unenforceable.
Example: The contract was a nudum pactum
Having no legal effect.
Example: The clause was nugatory
An act interfering with use or enjoyment of property.
Example: The noise was a nuisance
An act considered a nuisance regardless of circumstances.
Example: The activity was a nuisance at law
An act that becomes a nuisance based on context.
Example: The situation was a nuisance in fact
A nuisance depending on circumstances.
Example: The case involved nuisance per accidens
An act that is always a nuisance.
Example: The activity was nuisance per se
Having no legal effect.
Example: The contract was null
The act of making something void.
Example: The jury engaged in nullification
Made legally void.
Example: The agreement was nullified
To make void.
Example: The court may nullify the law
The act of making void.
Example: The action is nullifying the contract
Things without legal effect.
Example: The errors were nullities
The state of being void.
Example: The contract was a nullity
The requirement of a large number of parties in class actions.
Example: The case satisfied numerosity
Retroactively applied to an earlier date.
Example: The order was entered nunc pro tunc
Spoken rather than written.
Example: The will was nuncupative
An oral will.
Example: The estate relied on a nuncupative will
A solemn promise to tell the truth or fulfill a duty.
Example: The witness took an oath
Informal term for the Affordable Care Act.
Example: The policy was enacted under Obamacare
A Supreme Court case legalizing same-sex marriage.
Example: The ruling established marriage equality
Statements in a court opinion not essential to the decision.
Example: The judge included obiter dicta
A single non-binding statement in a judicial opinion.
Example: The comment was considered obiter dictum
A thing; to oppose or protest.
Example: The attorney objected in court
A formal protest in court.
Example: The lawyer raised an objection
To bind legally or morally.
Example: The contract obligates payment
Bound by duty or law.
Example: He was obligated to comply
The act of binding legally.
Example: The clause is obligating parties
A legal or moral duty.
Example: The agreement created an obligation
Required by law or rule.
Example: Attendance was obligatory
The person to whom a duty is owed.
Example: The obligee receives payment
The person who owes a duty.
Example: The obligor must fulfill the contract
Offensive or indecent by legal standards.
Example: The material was deemed obscene
Indecent expressions or materials.
Example: The case involved obscenities
Material considered offensive or indecent.
Example: The law prohibits obscenity
The process of becoming outdated.
Example: The equipment faced obsolescence
Interference with legal processes.
Example: He was charged with obstruction of justice
Easily understood or apparent.
Example: The error was obvious
The quality of being evident.
Example: The invention lacked obviousness
Instances of occupying property.
Example: The report listed occupancies
The act of possessing or residing in property.
Example: The tenant had legal occupancy
A person who resides in property.
Example: The occupant signed the lease
A tax imposed on certain professions.
Example: The business paid an occupation tax
An illness caused by work conditions.
Example: The worker developed an occupational disease
A law regulating workplace safety.
Example: The act protects employees
A federal agency overseeing workplace safety.
Example: OSHA enforces regulations
An event or incident.
Example: The policy covered each occurrence
Insurance covering events occurring during the policy period.
Example: The claim fell under an occurrence policy
Insurance covering sea transport.
Example: The shipment was insured
A quantity of stock less than a standard trading unit.
Example: The investor bought an odd lot
Relating to nonstandard stock quantities.
Example: It was an odd-lot transaction
A rule relating to disability and employment capacity.
Example: The court applied the odd-lot doctrine
A lawyer affiliated with a firm but not a partner.
Example: She works of counsel
Officially recorded.
Example: The statement is of record
By legal entitlement.
Example: The appeal was granted of right
Mentally competent.
Example: The testator was of sound mind
Essential to the contract.
Example: Time was of the essence
Not currently working.
Example: The officer was off duty
Another spelling of offense.
Example: The act was an offence
To violate a law or rule.
Example: He offended the statute
A person who commits a violation.
Example: The offender was charged
A violation of law.
Example: The crime was a serious offense
Causing harm or offense.
Example: The conduct was offensive
In a harmful or aggressive manner.
Example: He acted offensively
The quality of being offensive.
Example: The behavior showed offensiveness
A proposal to enter a contract; to present.
Example: She made an offer
The person receiving an offer.
Example: The offeree accepted
The act of presenting something for acceptance.
Example: The company made a public offering
The person making an offer.
Example: The offeror set the terms
A position of authority or place of work.
Example: He holds public office
A federal agency overseeing ethical standards.
Example: The office issued guidance
A federal agency supporting justice initiatives.
Example: The program provided funding
A federal agency investigating misconduct.
Example: The office conducted an investigation
A person holding authority.
Example: The officer enforced the law
Any person with a duty to uphold the legal system, such as a judge, lawyer, or bailiff.
As an officer of the court, the attorney must report fraud on the tribunal.
A person in authority; authorized.
Example: The official issued a statement
Protection from liability for official acts.
Example: The officer claimed official immunity
In an authorized manner.
Example: The rule was officially adopted
A person who performs a ceremony.
Example: The officiant conducted the wedding
A person who interferes without authority.
Example: The court rejected the claim as officious intermeddling
A counterbalance; to balance or compensate.
Example: The debt was offset
Markets dominated by a few firms.
Example: The industry had oligopolies
A market controlled by a few sellers.
Example: The market formed an oligopoly
A handwritten legal document.
Example: The will was an olograph
Handwritten and signed.
Example: The will was olographic
Office of Management and Budget.
Example: The OMB reviewed the proposal
Failure to act or include something.
Example: The case involved omission
A bill covering multiple issues.
Example: Congress passed an omnibus bill
A law addressing budget issues.
Example: The act restructured spending
A clause extending coverage broadly.
Example: The policy included an omnibus clause
A motion covering multiple requests.
Example: The attorney filed an omnibus motion
Directly applicable to a case.
Example: The precedent was on all fours
Payable or due immediately.
Example: The note was payable on demand
Currently working.
Example: The officer was on duty
Officially recorded or stored.
Example: The document is on file
Requiring further investigation.
Example: The buyer was on inquiry notice
Acting independently.
Example: She acted on her own initiative
Subject to penalty if not complied with.
Example: The rule applies on pain of fine
In written form only.
Example: The agreement exists on paper
Directly relevant.
Example: The case is on point
While working.
Example: The injury occurred on the job
Burdensome or costly.
Example: The contract was onerous
A contract involving obligations for both parties.
Example: The agreement was an onerous contract
Ownership acquired through burden or obligation.
Example: The transfer was an onerous title
Accessible; to begin or make available.
Example: The court was open
Court proceedings held publicly.
Example: The hearing was in open court
A rule allowing search of open land without a warrant.
Example: The search relied on the doctrine
A space for public expression.
Example: The school created an open forum
A real estate listing allowing multiple agents.
Example: The property had an open listing
A market with free competition.
Example: The goods were sold on the open market
A clause protecting a mortgagee’s interest.
Example: The policy included this clause
An order without specific limits.
Example: The client placed an open order
Risks not specifically excluded in insurance.
Example: The policy covered open perils
A workplace where union membership is not required.
Example: The company operates as an open shop
Without a fixed limit.
Example: The contract was open-end
A mortgage allowing additional borrowing.
Example: The loan was an open-end mortgage
Began or made accessible.
Example: The court session opened
The beginning of a legal proceeding.
Example: The attorney gave an opening
An initial statement outlining a case.
Example: The lawyer delivered an opening statement
Functioning; the act of running.
Example: The business is operating legally
A lease without transfer of ownership.
Example: The equipment was under an operating lease
Driving while impaired by substances.
Example: He was charged with operating under the influence
A right or obligation arising automatically by law.
Example: The transfer occurred by operation of law
Relating to operation or function.
Example: The system is operational
A court’s written decision.
Example: The judge issued an opinion
A written legal interpretation or advice.
Example: The firm provided an opinion letter
Testimony expressing a witness’s opinion.
Example: The expert gave opinion testimony
The loss of potential gain from alternatives.
Example: The decision involved opportunity cost
A chance for public input.
Example: The agency allowed opportunity for comment
The right to present one’s case.
Example: Due process requires opportunity to be heard
A chance to provide feedback.
Example: The rulemaking allowed opportunity to comment
Unfair or harsh treatment.
Example: The minority alleged oppression
Unjustly harsh or burdensome.
Example: The contract terms were oppressive
A right to choose or act.
Example: The buyer had an option
A contract granting the right to accept an offer later.
Example: The agreement was an option contract
The person holding an option.
Example: The optionee exercised the right
The person granting an option.
Example: The optionor set the terms
Abbreviation for “owner’s risk” or “operating room,” depending on context.
Example: The policy included OR provisions
Spoken presentation before a court.
Example: The attorney presented oral argument
A trust created verbally.
Example: The case involved an oral trust
A command by a court; to command.
Example: The judge issued an order
A negotiable shipping document.
Example: The goods were shipped under an order bill of lading
A negotiable instrument payable to a named person.
Example: The document was order paper
A court order requiring explanation.
Example: The court issued an order to show cause
Freedom balanced by law and order.
Example: The concept reflects ordered liberty
A local law.
Example: The city passed an ordinance
Usual or normal.
Example: The expense was ordinary
A deductible business cost.
Example: The tax code allows this expense
A common and appropriate expense.
Example: The deduction was allowed
Reasonable care expected of a person.
Example: The driver owed ordinary care
Routine business operations.
Example: The transaction occurred in the ordinary course of business
Income taxed at regular rates.
Example: The profit was ordinary gain
Goods whose demand increases with income.
Example: These are ordinary goods
Income taxed at standard rates.
Example: The earnings were ordinary income
A standard life insurance policy.
Example: He purchased ordinary life insurance
A loss deductible against income.
Example: The business reported an ordinary loss
Failure to exercise reasonable care.
Example: The claim involved ordinary negligence
Given orally in court.
Example: The testimony was ore tenus
Fundamental law of a system.
Example: The constitution is organic law
A structured group or entity.
Example: The organization filed a claim
Relating to an organization.
Example: The issue was organizational
Picketing to gain union recognition.
Example: The workers engaged in organizational picketing
A strike to establish union representation.
Example: The employees staged an organizational strike
To form or arrange systematically.
Example: Workers organized a union
Structured or formed.
Example: The group was organized
Coordinated illegal activity.
Example: The case involved organized crime
The act of forming or arranging.
Example: They are organizing efforts
First or initial.
Example: The document is original
The primary contractor in a project.
Example: The original contractor filed a claim
The original meaning behind a law.
Example: The court examined original intent
Authority to hear a case first.
Example: The court has original jurisdiction
A primary obligation rather than a guarantee.
Example: The agreement was an original promise
A formal court document initiating a case.
Example: The action began with an original writ
A rule requiring original documents as evidence.
Example: The court applied the rule
The quality of being new or unique.
Example: The work showed originality
To begin or arise.
Example: The claim originated here
Began or arose.
Example: The dispute originated earlier
The act of beginning.
Example: The issue is originating now
The beginning or creation.
Example: The loan origination was delayed
A fee for processing a loan.
Example: The bank charged an origination fee
A person who creates or initiates.
Example: She was the originator
A child without parents.
Example: The law protects orphans
A court handling estates and guardianships.
Example: The case went to orphans’ court
Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
Example: OSHA regulates workplaces
Apparent authority created by appearance.
Example: The case involved ostensible agency
A person appearing to act on behalf of another.
Example: He acted as an ostensible agent
Authority perceived by others.
Example: The agent had ostensible authority
Apparent ownership without actual title.
Example: The property showed ostensible ownership
The principle of respect between state and federal courts.
Example: The doctrine reflects our federalism
Removal from possession or office.
Example: The case involved ouster
Outside judicial proceedings.
Example: The case was settled out of court
Same as out of court.
Example: It was an out-of-court agreement
An agreement between parties that resolves a dispute without a court trial.
They reached an out-of-court settlement the day before the trial was set to begin.
Personal expense.
Example: He paid out-of-pocket costs
A rule limiting damages to actual losses.
Example: The court applied the rule
A person outside legal protection; to declare illegal.
Example: The act was outlawed
The status of being outside the law.
Example: He was declared in outlawry
A contract to sell all production to one buyer.
Example: The agreement was an output contract
Extreme misconduct.
Example: The claim involved outrage
Shockingly improper.
Example: The conduct was outrageous
In an extreme manner.
Example: He acted outrageously
The quality of being extreme or shocking.
Example: The case required proof of outrageousness
A board member not part of management.
Example: The company appointed an outside director
Unpaid or unresolved.
Example: The debt remains outstanding
Excessive or beyond.
Example: The payment was over the limit
Sold directly without prescription or exchange.
Example: The drug was over-the-counter
An excess amount.
Example: The bill included overage
A doctrine invalidating overly broad laws.
Example: The law was struck for overbreadth
Too broad in scope.
Example: The statute was overbroad
Withdrawal exceeding account balance.
Example: The bank charged an overdraft fee
To withdraw too much money.
Example: He overdrew his account
The act of exceeding account balance.
Example: She is overdrawing funds
Having exceeded account balance.
Example: The account is overdrawn
Past tense of overdraw.
Example: He overdrew the account
Ongoing business expenses.
Example: The company reduced overhead
Including more than necessary.
Example: The rule was overinclusive
Insurance exceeding value.
Example: The property had overinsurance
Payment exceeding what is owed.
Example: The refund covered overpayment
A surplus amount.
Example: The estate had an overplus
To exceed authority; excessive action.
Example: The agency overreached
Unfair or excessive conduct; the act of taking advantage.
Example: The contract was void due to overreaching
Set aside or rejected by authority.
Example: The decision was overridden
To reject or overrule; an act of doing so.
Example: The legislature voted to override the veto
Dominant or controlling; the act of overruling.
Example: The concern was overriding
A share of production revenue without ownership costs.
Example: The contract granted an overriding royalty
Past tense of override.
Example: The court overrode the ruling
To reject or reverse a decision.
Example: The judge overruled the objection
Secured by collateral exceeding the debt value.
Example: The creditor was oversecured
An open act showing intent to commit a crime.
Example: The charge required an overt act
To reverse a legal decision.
Example: The court overturned the conviction
Payments used to equalize property division.
Example: The estate included owelties
Compensation to balance unequal property division.
Example: The court ordered owelty
To possess; belonging to oneself.
Example: She owns the property
A person who holds legal title.
Example: The owner filed a claim
The state of owning property.
Example: The dispute involved ownership
Shared ownership without division of property.
Example: The land was held in ownership in indivision
A call to order in court proceedings.
Example: The clerk announced oyez
A bank account that transfers funds upon the owner’s death.
Example: The money was held in a P.O.D. account.
A group of people or things acting together, sometimes in a legal or organized context.
Example: The attorneys moved as a pack when filing the joint motion.
A legal principle meaning “agreements must be kept.” Example: The court upheld the contract based on pacta sunt servanda.
Example: The court upheld the contract based on pacta sunt servanda.
Money invested by shareholders in a company in exchange for stock.
Example: The company increased its paid-in capital through new investors.
Money contributed to a fund by investors or members.
Example: The organization increased its paid-in fund to support new initiatives.
The amount investors pay above the par value of stock.
Example: The company recorded the excess as paid-in surplus.
Fully paid and no longer owing any money.
Example: The insurance policy was considered paid-up after years of premiums.
Physical or emotional suffering that may be considered in legal claims.
Example: The court evaluated the extent of the victim’s pain.
Physical and emotional distress caused by an injury, often considered in awarding damages.
Example: The plaintiff received compensation for pain and suffering after the accident.
Causing no pain or discomfort.
Example: The procedure was described as painless by the defendant.
A provision requiring items to be replaced as a set if one is damaged.
Example: The insurance policy included a pair-or-set clause for jewelry.
Abbreviation that can refer to a permit or license, depending on context.
Example: He needed a PAL to legally own the equipment.
Financial support paid to a former partner after a non-marital relationship ends.
Example: The court awarded palimony after their long-term relationship ended.
To misrepresent or pass off goods as something they are not.
Example: The seller attempted to palm off fake products as authentic.
To supply or promote something immoral or illegal, often for profit.
Example: The defendant was accused of pandering illegal services.
The act of promoting or facilitating immoral or illegal activities.
Example: He was charged with pandering under state law.
A group of people selected to decide a case or issue.
Example: The appellate panel reviewed the lower court’s decision.
Ownership of property evidenced only by documents, not possession.
Example: He held paper title to the land but never lived there.
The face value of a financial instrument such as stock or bonds.
Example: The bond was issued at par value.
The nominal or face value of a stock or bond.
Example: The shares were issued at par value.
A distinct section of a written legal document.
Example: The contract’s obligations were outlined in paragraph three.
A trained professional who assists lawyers with legal work but is not licensed to practice law.
Example: The paralegal prepared the documents for the case.
A trained professional who assists lawyers with legal work but is not licensed to practice law.
Example: The paralegal organized the case files.
A title that is superior to all others in ownership claims.
Example: The court recognized her claim as having paramount title.
A flourish or mark used as a signature or authentication.
Example: The judge added a paraph to certify the document.
A specific piece of land.
Example: The dispute involved a small parcel of property.
A type of joint ownership where heirs inherit property together.
Example: The siblings held the estate in parcenary.
A co-heir who shares in inherited property.
Example: Each parcener had equal rights to the land.
Official forgiveness of a crime by a government authority.
Example: The governor granted him a pardon.
The government’s authority to act as guardian for those unable to care for themselves.
Example: The state acted under parens patriae to protect the child.
A legal guardian of a child.
Example: The parent retained custody after the hearing.
Relating to a parent or legal guardian.
Example: The court evaluated parental responsibility.
A legal agreement outlining child custody and care.
Example: The parenting plan detailed visitation schedules.
A local court with limited jurisdiction in certain regions.
Example: The case was first heard in parish court.
A legislative body that creates laws.
Example: Parliament passed new regulations affecting trade.
Rules governing procedures in legislative bodies.
Example: The meeting followed parliamentary law procedures.
Oral or verbal, rather than written.
Example: The agreement was considered parol evidence.
Oral statements not included in a written contract.
Example: The court refused to consider parol evidence.
A rule that prevents outside evidence from altering the terms of a written contract.
Example: The judge applied the parol evidence rule to exclude prior verbal agreements.
Eligible for parole.
Example: The offense was deemed parolable under state law.
Conditional release of a prisoner before sentence completion.
Example: She was released on parole after good behavior.
A person released from prison on parole.
Example: The parolee was required to meet with an officer weekly.
The act of killing one’s parent or close relative.
Example: He was charged with parricide.
Partial fulfillment of a contract that may make it enforceable.
Example: The court recognized part performance.
A violation of some, but not all, terms of a contract.
Example: The delayed delivery was considered a partial breach of contract.
A defense that reduces liability but does not eliminate it entirely.
Example: The attorney argued a partial defense to lessen the sentence.
A mental condition affecting only certain aspects of behavior.
Example: The defense argued partial insanity.
Damage that does not completely destroy property.
Example: The insurance covered partial loss of the vehicle.
Shared blame for an action or outcome.
Example: The defendant accepted partial responsibility.
A decision on some issues in a case while others remain unresolved.
Example: The jury returned a partial verdict on the charges.
A participant in a crime.
Example: He was considered a particeps criminis in the scheme.
A loan shared by multiple lenders.
Example: The bank entered into a participation loan agreement.
A specific gift left in a will.
Example: The jewelry was a particular legacy.
A person who acquires specific rights or property.
Example: The buyer became a particular successor.
Ownership of a specific property rather than general ownership.
Example: She held particular title to the asset.
Individuals or entities involved in a legal case or contract.
Example: Both parties agreed to the settlement.
The division of property among co-owners.
Example: The court ordered partition of the land.
A co-owner in a business partnership.
Example: Each partner shared profits and losses.
A limited partner with restricted liability.
Example: He invested as a partner in commendam.
A business arrangement in which two or more individuals share ownership and responsibilities.
Example: They formed a partnership to start their law firm.
A partnership that can be ended at any time.
Example: Their business operated as a partnership at will.
Liability imposed on someone who appears to be a partner.
Example: She was held liable under partnership by estoppel.
A person or group involved in a legal matter.
Example: Each party presented their argument.
A person whose rights have been violated.
Example: The party aggrieved filed an appeal.
A person with a stake in a legal proceeding.
Example: The party in interest was notified of the case.
Permission or authorization.
Example: He was granted a pass to access the property.
To misrepresent goods as something else.
Example: The company tried to pass off fake items as genuine.
A financial asset that passes income to investors.
Example: The mortgage was sold as a pass-through security.
Scattered throughout a document.
Example: The issue is discussed passim in the report.
Failure to act when there is a duty to do so.
Example: The landlord was liable for passive negligence.
A trust where the trustee has no active duties.
Example: The property was held in a passive trust.
Something given before a contract that cannot be used as valid consideration.
Example: The promise was unenforceable due to past consideration.
A written record used when a witness cannot recall details.
Example: The notes were admitted as past recollection recorded.
A government grant giving exclusive rights to an invention.
Example: She applied for a patent on her design.
An obvious uncertainty in a document’s language.
Example: The contract contained a patent ambiguity.
The government agency that grants patents and registers trademarks.
Example: The application was filed with the Patent and Trademark Office.
A product marketed as a remedy without proven effectiveness.
Example: The company was criticized for selling patent medicine.
The ability of an invention to qualify for a patent.
Example: The invention’s patentability was questioned.
Eligible to receive a patent.
Example: The idea was considered patentable.
A person or entity granted a patent.
Example: The patentee held exclusive rights to the invention.
Legal determination of fatherhood.
Example: The court ordered a paternity test.
A U.S. law expanding access to healthcare and insurance.
Example: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act increased coverage nationwide.
The act of killing one’s father.
Example: He was charged with patricide.
Property inherited from one’s father or ancestors.
Example: The estate formed part of his patrimony.
A U.S. law expanding government surveillance powers after 2001.
Example: The Patriot Act increased national security measures.
A person without financial means.
Example: The defendant was declared a pauper and given counsel.
Property pledged as security for a loan.
Example: She used jewelry as a pawn for cash.
A person who lends money in exchange for pledged property.
Example: The pawnbroker held the item until repayment.
A business that lends money against personal property.
Example: He visited a pawnshop to secure a loan.
Required to be paid.
Example: The fee was payable upon receipt.
The person who receives payment.
Example: The payee endorsed the check.
The person who makes payment.
Example: The payer issued the funds.
A bond ensuring contractors pay suppliers and workers.
Example: The project required a payment bond.
A final payment or, illegally, a bribe.
Example: The investigation uncovered a payoff.
Illegal payment for promotion or influence.
Example: The company was fined for payola.
Another term for payer.
Example: The payor transferred the funds.
The bank responsible for paying a check.
Example: The payor bank processed the transaction.
A tax imposed on wages for social programs.
Example: Payroll tax funds Social Security.
A court order requiring someone to keep the peace.
Example: He was placed under a peace bond.
A law enforcement official.
Example: The peace officer made the arrest.
Relating to money or financial matters.
Example: The case involved pecuniary damages.
A set of laws defining criminal offenses and penalties.
Example: The charge was listed in the penal code.
Law relating to crimes and punishments.
Example: The attorney specialized in penal law.
A punishment imposed for breaking a law.
Example: The violation resulted in a penalty.
A contract provision imposing a penalty for breach.
Example: The agreement included a penalty clause.
A court’s authority to hear related claims.
Example: The judge exercised pendent jurisdiction.
Pending the litigation.
Example: The court issued pendente lite support.
A prison for serious offenses.
Example: He was sent to a penitentiary.
A low-priced, high-risk stock.
Example: The investor lost money on penny stocks.
The study of punishment and prison systems.
Example: She studied penology in law school.
A retirement payment plan.
Example: He relied on his pension after retiring.
A landmark case on freedom of the press.
Example: The Pentagon Papers Case supported press rights.
An implied right derived from constitutional protections.
Example: Privacy rights fall within constitutional penumbra.
Forced labor to pay off debt.
Example: The system resembled illegal peonage.
Per year.
Example: The interest rate was 5% per annum.
Per person.
Example: The cost was calculated per capita.
A court opinion issued collectively without naming a judge.
Example: The decision was issued per curiam.
A daily allowance or rate.
Example: Employees received a per diem for travel.
Based on additional facts outside the obvious meaning.
Example: The claim was considered per quod.
By itself or inherently.
Example: The act was not illegal per se.
A rule where certain acts are automatically considered illegal.
Example: Price fixing is illegal under the per se rule.
Distribution of an estate by family branch.
Example: The assets were divided per stirpes.
The right to reject a juror without stating a reason.
Example: The attorney used a peremptory challenge.
A court order requiring immediate action.
Example: The judge issued a peremptory writ.
A rule allowing rejection of goods that do not fully meet contract terms.
Example: The buyer relied on the perfect tender rule.
Fulfillment of contractual obligations.
Example: The contract required full performance.
A bond ensuring completion of a project.
Example: The contractor provided a performance bond.
A risk or danger.
Example: The insurance covered specific peril.
A lease that continues for set periods.
Example: The renter had a periodic tenancy.
A person who commits perjury.
Example: The witness was labeled a perjurer.
The act of lying under oath.
Example: The witness was charged with perjury.
Ongoing financial support paid after divorce.
Example: The court awarded permanent alimony.
A court order requiring someone to permanently stop an action.
Example: The judge issued a permanent injunction.
Allowing something but not requiring it.
Example: The rule was considered permissive rather than mandatory.
A conclusion a jury may draw but is not required to.
Example: The court allowed a permissive inference.
When a third party is allowed to join a lawsuit at the court’s discretion.
Example: The judge granted permissive intervention.
Allowing multiple parties to join in one lawsuit.
Example: The case involved permissive joinder.
An assumption a court allows but does not require.
Example: The jury applied a permissive presumption.
Failure to maintain property, causing damage.
Example: The tenant was accused of permissive waste.
Official permission to do something.
Example: He needed a permit to build.
A bond guaranteeing compliance with permit conditions.
Example: The contractor filed a permit bond.
Informal term for a perpetrator.
Example: The police identified the perp.
To commit a crime or wrongdoing.
Example: He was accused of perpetrating fraud.
A person who commits a crime.
Example: The perpetrator was arrested.
A permanent court order to stop an action indefinitely.
Example: The company faced a perpetual injunction.
A lease with no fixed end date.
Example: The land was held under a perpetual lease.
An indefinite or unlimited period of time.
Example: The trust was intended to last in perpetuity.
Unfair or harsh treatment, often based on identity.
Example: The case involved claims of persecution.
A legal entity, including individuals or organizations.
Example: A corporation is considered a legal person.
Someone suspected or connected to a case.
Example: He was named a person of interest.
Release from custody based on a promise to return to court.
Example: He was released on a personal bond.
A defense specific to an individual in a legal case.
Example: The lawyer raised a personal defense.
Property other than land.
Example: The will distributed the personal estate.
Harm caused to a person’s body or mind.
Example: She filed a personal injury claim.
A court’s authority over a person.
Example: The court lacked personal jurisdiction.
Individual responsibility for debts or damages.
Example: He faced personal liability.
Movable items owned by a person.
Example: The insurance covered personal property.
A person managing an estate after death.
Example: She was appointed personal representative.
Direct delivery of legal documents to a person.
Example: The notice required personal service.
Another term for personal property.
Example: The estate included valuable personalty.
A trial jury that determines facts in a case.
Example: The petit jury reached a verdict.
Theft of property of relatively low value.
Example: He was charged with petit larceny.
A formal written request to a court.
Example: She filed a petition for custody.
A person who files a petition.
Example: The petitioner sought relief.
Minor theft involving low-value property.
Example: The offense was classified as petty theft.
A compensation plan giving benefits similar to stock ownership.
Example: Executives received a phantom stock plan.
Fraudulent attempts to obtain sensitive information online.
Example: The scam involved phishing emails.
The right to have a child live with a parent.
Example: She was awarded physical custody.
Tangible items used to prove a case.
Example: The knife was key physical evidence.
Government seizure of property.
Example: The case involved a physical taking.
A doctor helping a patient end their life under certain laws.
Example: The issue of physician-assisted suicide is controversial.
A line of people protesting, often during a strike.
Example: Workers stood on the picket line.
A person who steals from others’ pockets.
Example: The pickpocket was caught.
To hold individuals personally liable for a company’s actions.
Example: The court decided to pierce the corporate veil.
Theft of small items.
Example: The store reported pilferage.
To rob or loot.
Example: The army was accused of pillage.
A person who profits from the activities of a prostitute.
Example: He was charged as a pimp.
Unauthorized use or reproduction of intellectual property or acts of robbery at sea.
Example: The company sued for digital piracy.
The act of using someone else’s work without proper credit.
Example: The student was accused of plagiarism.
A person who commits plagiarism.
Example: The author was labeled a plagiarist.
A clear legal mistake affecting a case’s outcome.
Example: The appeal was based on plain error.
A rule that interprets words by their ordinary meaning.
Example: The court applied the plain meaning rule.
A doctrine allowing officers to seize visible evidence without a warrant.
Example: The evidence was admissible under plain view.
Referring to officers not in uniform.
Example: Plainclothes officers observed the suspect.
A person who brings a lawsuit.
Example: The plaintiff filed a claim for damages.
A map showing divisions of land.
Example: The plat outlined property boundaries.
A defendant’s formal response to charges.
Example: He entered a guilty plea.
A deal between defendant and prosecutor to resolve a case.
Example: The case ended in a plea agreement.
Negotiation where a defendant agrees to plead guilty for a lesser charge or sentence.
Example: She accepted a plea bargain.
A request to dismiss or delay a case due to a procedural issue.
Example: The lawyer filed a plea in abatement.
A defense that defeats the plaintiff’s case entirely.
Example: The defendant raised a plea in bar.
Formal written statements of claims or defenses.
Example: The attorney filed the pleading.
Property given as security for a debt.
Example: He used his car as a pledge.
A person who receives pledged property.
Example: The pledgee held the collateral.
A person who gives property as security.
Example: The pledgor agreed to the terms.
Full or complete authority.
Example: The court exercised plenary power.
A Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation under “separate but equal.” Example: Plessy v. Ferguson justified segregation laws.
Example: Plessy v. Ferguson justified segregation laws.
A diagram showing property layout and structures.
Example: The permit required a plot plan.
The largest number of votes, not necessarily a majority.
Example: The candidate won by plurality.
A court opinion without majority agreement but with the most support.
Example: The ruling was a plurality opinion.
When a president indirectly vetoes a bill by taking no action.
Example: The bill failed due to a pocket veto.
A claimed mistake in a trial used for appeal.
Example: The appeal listed several points of error.
A strategy to prevent hostile corporate takeovers.
Example: The company adopted a poison pill.
Government authority to regulate for public safety and welfare.
Example: The law was justified under police power.
A contract of insurance or a guiding principle.
Example: The policy covered property damage.
A person who owns an insurance policy.
Example: The policyholder filed a claim.
A principle that courts will not decide certain political issues.
Example: The case was dismissed under the political question doctrine.
A tax required for voting, now unconstitutional in the U.S.
Example: Poll taxes once restricted voting rights.
Having more than one spouse at the same time.
Example: Polygamy is illegal in most U.S. states.
A lie detector test measuring physiological responses.
Example: He agreed to take a polygraph.
A fraud that pays investors with new investors’ money.
Example: The company collapsed as a Ponzi scheme.
Explicit material, often regulated by law.
Example: The case involved illegal pornography.
A collection of financial investments.
Example: She diversified her portfolio.
Law created by humans, such as statutes.
Example: The rule is part of positive law.
Physical control over property.
Example: He was charged with possession of stolen goods.
The right to control property.
Example: The tenant had a possessory interest.
A future interest that returns property to the original owner under certain conditions.
Example: The land included a possibility of reverter.
An examination after death.
Example: The report was based on a post mortem.
Occurring after a conviction.
Example: He filed a post-conviction appeal.
A contract made between spouses after marriage.
Example: They signed a postnuptial agreement.
Delay of a legal proceeding.
Example: The trial was granted a postponement.
A condition dependent on one party’s will.
Example: The contract included a potestative condition.
A trust that receives assets from a will after death.
Example: The estate transferred assets into a pour-over trust.
A will directing assets into a trust upon death.
Example: She used a pour-over will for estate planning.
A Supreme Court case establishing the right to counsel in capital cases.
Example: Powell v. Alabama strengthened defendants’ rights.
Legal authority to act or make decisions.
Example: The court has the power to issue orders.
A power attached to property ownership.
Example: The land carried a power appendant.
A power tied to a specific property interest.
Example: The right was a power appurtenant.
Authority linked to a personal stake that cannot be revoked.
Example: The agent held a power coupled with an interest.
A power held independently of property ownership.
Example: He exercised a power in gross.
Authority to decide who receives property under a trust or will.
Example: She was given power of appointment.
Legal authority to act on someone else’s behalf.
Example: He granted power of attorney to his daughter.
The right to cancel a legal arrangement.
Example: The trust included a power of revocation.
Authority to sell property, often in foreclosure.
Example: The lender exercised the power of sale.
The right to end a legal interest.
Example: The clause gave a power of termination.
Interpreting a contract based on how parties have acted.
Example: The court relied on practical construction.
The customary way of doing something in law.
Example: It is common practice in litigation.
A written request to a court clerk to take action.
Example: The lawyer filed a praecipe.
The part of a legal document requesting relief.
Example: The complaint included a prayer for damages.
An introductory statement in a legal document.
Example: The Constitution begins with a preamble.
Possession of property with the owner’s permission.
Example: The tenant had precarious possession.
Expressing a wish rather than a legal obligation.
Example: The will contained precatory language.
A prior court decision used as a guide.
Example: The judge followed legal precedent.
To prevent something from happening.
Example: The rule precludes further claims.
The act of preventing a claim or issue from being raised again.
Example: The doctrine of preclusion applied.
Unfair or abusive loan practices.
Example: The bank was accused of predatory lending.
Setting prices low to eliminate competition.
Example: The company engaged in predatory pricing.
A prior holder of rights or property.
Example: The title passed from a predecessor in interest.
A property right allowing use of another’s land.
Example: The road was a predial servitude.
A fact required to establish another legal claim.
Example: The court required a predicate fact.
When higher law overrides lower law.
Example: Federal law created preemption.
The right to acquire property before others.
Example: Shareholders had a preemptive right.
A rule that performing an existing obligation is not valid consideration.
Example: The contract failed under the preexisting duty rule.
Priority given to certain creditors or claims.
Example: The creditor received preference.
Stock with priority over common stock in dividends.
Example: Investors bought preferred stock.
Proceedings before a formal hearing.
Example: The case included a prehearing conference.
Occurring before a final judgment.
Example: Interest was awarded as prejudgment interest.
Bias or harm to a legal position.
Example: The delay caused prejudice.
A mistake that affects the outcome of a case.
Example: The appeal cited prejudicial error.
A hearing to determine if enough evidence exists for trial.
Example: The defendant appeared at a preliminary hearing.
A temporary court order before final judgment.
Example: The court issued a preliminary injunction.
Planning a crime in advance.
Example: The charge required proof of premeditation.
Land and buildings owned by someone.
Example: The accident occurred on the premises.
Responsibility for injuries occurring on property.
Example: The case involved premises liability.
Payment for an insurance policy.
Example: She paid her insurance premium.
A contract made before marriage.
Example: They signed a prenuptial agreement.
The standard of proof in most civil cases, meaning something is more likely true than not.
The jury found the company liable under a preponderance of evidence standard.
The standard of proof meaning more likely than not.
Example: The plaintiff met the preponderance of the evidence standard.
A court order directing a government official to act.
Example: The court issued a prerogative writ.
To establish rules or limits.
Example: The law prescribes penalties.
A legal method of gaining rights through long-term use.
Example: He claimed ownership through prescription.
Loss of a right due to failure to use it over time.
Example: The easement ended by prescription of nonuse.
A right to use property gained through continuous use.
Example: The path became a prescriptive easement.
Using a document to help a witness remember.
Example: The witness used notes for present recollection refreshed.
A statement describing an event as it happens.
Example: The testimony qualified as a present sense impression.
An inquiry into a defendant’s background before sentencing.
Example: The judge ordered a presentence investigation.
A report used to help determine a sentence.
Example: The court reviewed the presentence report.
Formal presentation of a matter to a court.
Example: The grand jury issued a presentment.
To oversee a legal proceeding.
Example: The judge will preside over the trial.
An assumption accepted as true unless disproven.
Example: The case relied on legal presumption.
The principle that a defendant is innocent until proven guilty.
Example: The jury followed the presumption of innocence.
A legal assumption required by law.
Example: The court applied a presumption of law.
Evidence that suggests a fact but is not conclusive.
Example: The document served as presumptive evidence.
A person expected to inherit but whose rights are not guaranteed.
Example: He was the presumptive heir.
A standard sentence for a specific offense.
Example: The judge followed the presumptive sentence.
A hearing before employment or benefits are ended.
Example: She requested a pretermination hearing.
A child unintentionally left out of a will.
Example: The son was a pretermitted heir.
A false reason given to hide the real motive behind an action.
The employee claimed his firing was a pretext for age discrimination.
An arrest made for one reason to investigate another.
Example: The defense argued it was a pretextual arrest.
Occurring before a trial begins.
Example: The case involved pretrial motions.
A meeting to organize issues before trial.
Example: The judge scheduled a pretrial conference.
A court order outlining issues before trial.
Example: The pretrial order defined the scope of the case.
To win a legal case.
Example: The plaintiff prevailed in court.
Holding someone to prevent future harm.
Example: The suspect was placed in preventive detention.
Illegal agreement to control prices.
Example: The companies were charged with price-fixing.
Sufficient to establish a fact unless disproven.
Example: The evidence was prima facie valid.
A case with enough evidence to proceed.
Example: The plaintiff established a prima facie case.
The main person designated to receive benefits.
Example: She was the primary beneficiary.
The best available evidence.
Example: The contract served as primary evidence.
Authority given to a specific court or agency first.
Example: The agency had primary jurisdiction.
Direct legal responsibility.
Example: The driver had primary liability.
Where new securities are issued.
Example: Stocks were sold in the primary market.
The main contractor responsible for a project.
Example: The prime contractor oversaw construction.
The interest rate banks charge top borrowers.
Example: Loans were based on the prime rate.
Inheritance by the eldest child.
Example: The estate followed primogeniture.
The main party or amount in a contract or loan.
Example: She repaid the principal.
A person who directly commits a crime.
Example: He was charged as a principal in the first degree.
A person who assists in committing a crime.
Example: She acted as a principal in the second degree.
Existing knowledge affecting patent validity.
Example: The invention was rejected due to prior art.
A statement that conflicts with a witness’s testimony.
Example: The attorney introduced a prior inconsistent statement.
Government restriction on speech before it occurs.
Example: The court rejected prior restraint.
The order of importance or payment.
Example: The claim had priority over others.
A captured enemy soldier during conflict.
Example: He was held as a prisoner of war.
The right to keep personal matters free from public interference.
Example: The case involved a violation of privacy.
A legal claim to protection of personal information.
Example: The court recognized her privacy interest.
Law governing relationships between individuals.
Example: Contracts fall under private law.
Interference with someone’s use of their property.
Example: The noise created a private nuisance.
Sale of securities to a limited group without public offering.
Example: The company used a private offering.
Sale of property without public auction.
Example: The asset was sold through a private sale.
Transfer of government functions to private ownership.
Example: The policy promoted privatization.
A special legal right or immunity.
Example: The attorney claimed privilege.
The right not to testify against oneself.
Example: He invoked the privilege against self-incrimination.
Confidential communication protected by law.
Example: Their conversation was privileged communication.
A constitutional protection of citizens’ rights across states.
Example: The case involved the privileges and immunities clause.
A direct legal relationship between parties.
Example: The contract required privity.
Legal work done for free.
Example: The lawyer took the case pro bono.
Done as a formality.
Example: The vote was pro forma.
For this particular case only.
Example: The attorney was admitted pro hac vice.
Divided proportionally.
Example: The profits were shared pro rata.
Representing oneself in court.
Example: He appeared pro se.
To that extent or degree.
Example: The payment reduced the debt pro tanto.
Temporary.
Example: He served as judge pro tem.
For the time being.
Example: She was appointed pro tempore.
Reasonable belief that a crime has occurred.
Example: The officer had probable cause.
A hearing to determine if sufficient reason exists for charges.
Example: The judge held a probable cause hearing.
The legal process of distributing a deceased person’s estate.
Example: The will went through probate.
A court handling wills and estates.
Example: The case was filed in probate court.
Supervised release instead of imprisonment.
Example: He was sentenced to probation.
An official who supervises individuals on probation.
Example: The probation officer monitored compliance.
Having the ability to prove something.
Example: The evidence was highly probative.
The requirement of fair procedures in legal actions.
Example: The ruling violated procedural due process.
Law governing how cases are handled.
Example: The issue involved procedural law.
The official method of conducting legal actions.
Example: The case followed proper procedure.
A legal action or process.
Example: The proceeding began in court.
Money received from a transaction.
Example: The proceeds were distributed.
Legal documents or actions used to enforce rights.
Example: The defendant was served with process.
A person authorized to deliver legal documents like summonses or subpoenas.
The process server handed the defendant the lawsuit papers at his office.
An official public announcement.
Example: The governor issued a proclamation.
The act of obtaining goods or services.
Example: The contract involved procurement rules.
The primary reason a transaction occurred.
Example: The broker was the procuring cause.
Responsibility for harm caused by defective products.
Example: The lawsuit involved product liability.
A corporation formed by licensed professionals.
Example: The doctors formed a professional corporation.
Services requiring specialized knowledge.
Example: Legal advice is a professional service.
Using characteristics to identify suspects.
Example: The case raised issues of profiling.
Financial gain from a transaction.
Example: The business earned a profit.
Distribution of profits among participants.
Example: Employees received profit sharing.
The right to take resources from another’s land.
Example: The agreement granted a profit à prendre.
A court order preventing an action.
Example: The court issued a writ of prohibition.
A court order requiring someone to stop doing something.
Example: The judge issued a prohibitory injunction.
A commitment to do or not do something.
Example: The contract was based on a promise.
The person to whom a promise is made.
Example: The promisee relied on the agreement.
The person who makes a promise.
Example: The promisor failed to perform.
A doctrine allowing enforcement of a promise relied upon.
Example: The claim was based on promissory estoppel.
A written promise to pay a specific amount.
Example: He signed a promissory note.
A guarantee that certain facts or conditions will occur.
Example: The contract included a promissory warranty.
A person who helps form a business or corporation.
Example: The promoter organized the company.
To officially announce or publish a law.
Example: The agency promulgated new rules.
Evidence sufficient to establish a fact.
Example: The case required strong proof.
A statement filed by a creditor to receive payment.
Example: The creditor submitted a proof of claim.
Documentation supporting an insurance claim.
Example: The policyholder filed a proof of loss.
Evidence that legal documents were delivered.
Example: The attorney filed proof of service.
Evidence confirming the validity of a will.
Example: Witnesses provided proof of will.
A person appropriately involved in a lawsuit.
Example: The court determined he was a proper party.
Anything that can be owned.
Example: The dispute involved real property.
A legal right in property.
Example: She held a property interest.
The legal authority to use and control property.
Example: The law protects property rights.
A tax based on property ownership.
Example: Homeowners pay property tax annually.
A person who supports or advocates something.
Example: She was a proponent of the policy.
Relating to ownership or exclusive rights.
Example: The company protected proprietary information.
A lease granting rights to occupy property, often in co-ops.
Example: He signed a proprietary lease.
An owner of a business.
Example: The proprietor managed the store.
A business owned by one person.
Example: The company operated as a sole proprietorship.
To bring legal action against someone.
Example: The state chose to prosecute.
The act of pursuing a criminal case.
Example: The prosecution called witnesses.
A lawyer representing the government in criminal cases.
Example: The prosecutor presented the case.
Relating to the future.
Example: The rule applies to prospective cases.
A document providing details about an investment.
Example: Investors reviewed the prospectus.
The act of engaging in sexual activity for payment.
Example: The offense involved prostitution.
A group protected from discrimination by law.
Example: The law protects each protected class.
A court order preventing harm or harassment.
Example: She obtained a protection order.
Detention for safety rather than punishment.
Example: The witness was placed in protective custody.
A court order limiting certain actions to protect parties.
Example: The judge issued a protective order.
A limited search for weapons.
Example: The officer conducted a protective search.
A quick search to ensure safety.
Example: Police performed a protective sweep.
A formal objection or complaint.
Example: The company filed a protest.
A court clerk in certain jurisdictions.
Example: The prothonotary processed filings.
Official procedures or rules.
Example: The agency followed protocol.
Capable of being proven.
Example: The claim was provable.
To establish truth with evidence.
Example: The attorney sought to prove the claim.
A clause in a legal document.
Example: The contract included a provision.
Temporary or conditional.
Example: The ruling was provisional.
A condition or requirement in a legal agreement.
Example: The contract included a proviso.
An action that may reduce liability by triggering a response.
Example: The defense argued provocation.
The primary cause of an injury in a legal sense.
Example: The court examined proximate cause.
Authority to act on behalf of another person.
Example: She voted by proxy.
A struggle for control of a company through shareholder votes.
Example: The board faced a proxy contest.
A marriage where one or both parties are not present.
Example: The couple entered a proxy marriage.
A standard requiring reasonable care in managing affairs.
Example: The trustee followed the prudent man rule.
A law affecting the general public.
Example: Congress passed a public act.
An official managing estates without heirs.
Example: The public administrator handled the estate.
A lawyer appointed to represent those who cannot afford one.
Example: The defendant worked with a public defender.
Creative works not protected by copyright.
Example: The material entered the public domain.
A principle limiting government liability for public services.
Example: The claim was barred by the public duty doctrine.
A person with widespread recognition.
Example: The plaintiff was a public figure.
The welfare of the general public.
Example: The decision served the public interest.
An act interfering with the public’s rights.
Example: The pollution was a public nuisance.
Sale of securities to the general public.
Example: The company launched a public offering.
An official document accessible to the public.
Example: The case became part of the public record.
A sale open to the public.
Example: The property was sold at a public sale.
The principle that certain resources are preserved for public use.
Example: The beach was protected under the public trust doctrine.
A company providing essential services to the public.
Example: The water company is a public utility.
Communication of information to the public.
Example: Defamation requires publication.
Exaggerated claims not meant to be taken literally.
Example: The ad was considered puffery.
A doctrine where federal courts defer to state courts.
Example: The judge applied Pullman abstention.
A penalty for wrongdoing.
Example: The crime resulted in punishment.
Money awarded to punish wrongful conduct.
Example: The jury granted punitive damages.
A life estate measured by another person’s life.
Example: The property was held pur autre vie.
A loan used to buy property secured by that property.
Example: He obtained a purchase money mortgage.
A security interest in goods purchased with borrowed funds.
Example: The lender had a purchase money security interest.
A person who buys property.
Example: The purchaser completed the sale.
A situation with only potential loss or no gain.
Example: Insurance covers pure risk.
Expression protected fully under the First Amendment.
Example: The protest was pure speech.
To remove or eliminate.
Example: The record was purged.
To steal.
Example: He was accused of purloining goods.
The reason for an action or law.
Example: The statute’s purpose was clear.
Unauthorized use or enclosure of public land.
Example: The structure was considered purpresture.
The scope or range of a law or authority.
Example: The issue fell within the court’s purview.
A right to sell something at a set price.
Example: The investor exercised a put.
A contract allowing the holder to sell an asset at a set price.
Example: She bought a put option.
Supposed or believed to be true.
Example: He was the putative father.
A fraudulent scheme where returns are paid using new investors’ money.
Example: The business was exposed as a pyramid scheme.
Abbreviation for Queen’s Bench, a court division in some legal systems.
Example: The case was heard in Q.B.
A court order dividing retirement benefits after divorce.
Example: The pension was split through a QDRO.
A type of trust providing income to a spouse while preserving assets.
Example: The estate plan included a QTIP.
A trust allowing property to pass to a spouse before final distribution.
Example: The assets were placed in a QTIP trust.
In the capacity of.
Example: He acted qua trustee.
A term raising a question or doubt.
Example: The opinion included a quaere.
Having limited or restricted conditions.
Example: The statement was qualified.
A trust providing income to beneficiaries and remainder to charity.
Example: They established a qualified charitable remainder trust.
A refusal to accept property without tax consequences.
Example: She filed a qualified disclaimer.
A court order dividing retirement assets.
Example: The judge issued a qualified domestic relations order.
A signature limiting liability on a negotiable instrument.
Example: He made a qualified endorsement.
Protection for officials from liability unless rights are clearly violated.
Example: The officer claimed qualified immunity.
Ownership subject to conditions or limitations.
Example: She held qualified ownership.
Limited protection for certain statements from defamation claims.
Example: The statement was protected by qualified privilege.
A person legally allowed to testify on certain matters.
Example: The expert was a qualified witness.
An occurrence triggering legal rights or benefits.
Example: Divorce is a qualifying event.
Payment for services based on their value.
Example: He recovered fees under quantum meruit.
Payment for goods based on their value.
Example: The claim was based on quantum valebant.
To nullify or void a legal proceeding.
Example: The court moved to quash the subpoena.
Resembling but not fully having legal status.
Example: The body acted in a quasi capacity.
An obligation imposed by law to prevent unjust enrichment.
Example: The court recognized a quasi contract.
A wrongful act causing harm without intent.
Example: The claim was based on quasi delict.
A use of property resembling an easement but not legally established.
Example: The driveway functioned as a quasi easement.
Preventing a party from taking inconsistent positions.
Example: The doctrine of quasi estoppel applied.
Jurisdiction over property rather than a person.
Example: The court used quasi in rem jurisdiction.
Having powers similar to a court.
Example: The agency acted in a quasi-judicial role.
Having powers similar to a lawmaking body.
Example: The board exercised quasi-legislative authority.
A court division handling major cases in some systems.
Example: The appeal went to Queen’s Bench.
An issue decided by a jury based on evidence.
Example: It was a question of fact.
An issue decided by a judge about legal interpretation.
Example: The case involved a question of law.
A legal action brought by a private person on behalf of the government.
Example: He filed a qui tam case.
A lawsuit where a private individual sues for government violations.
Example: The whistleblower filed a qui tam action.
Assets easily converted to cash.
Example: The company relied on quick assets.
An exchange of value.
Example: The deal was a quid pro quo.
Harassment involving exchange of favors for benefits.
Example: The claim involved quid pro quo sexual harassment.
A tenant's right to use rented property without unreasonable interference from the landlord.
The landlord's constant unannounced visits violated her right to quiet enjoyment.
To transfer rights without guarantees.
Example: He signed a quitclaim.
A deed transferring property without warranties.
Example: The property was transferred by quitclaim deed.
A proceeding questioning someone’s right to hold office.
Example: The court issued a quo warranto.
The minimum number needed to conduct business.
Example: The meeting reached a quorum.
A fixed share or limit.
Example: The law imposed a quota.
A verdict reached by averaging jurors’ numbers.
Example: The decision was challenged as a quotient verdict.
Release on one’s own recognizance.
Example: He was released R.O.R.
Revised statutes.
Example: The law was cited as R.S.
A rule where the first person to record and act in good faith wins ownership.
Example: The buyer who recorded first without knowing about the other claim won under race-notice.
A person involved in illegal business activities.
Example: He was charged as a racketeer for running criminal operations.
A federal law targeting organized crime.
Example: The group was prosecuted under the RICO Act.
Repeated illegal acts done as part of a business.
Example: The company was investigated for racketeering.
Someone who takes over a company, often by buying shares.
Example: The corporate raider attempted a hostile takeover.
A law that regulates labor relations in rail and airline industries.
Example: The dispute was handled under the Railway Labor Act.
A person who brings in major business or clients.
Example: The lawyer was known as a rainmaker for attracting clients.
The act of bringing in business or clients.
Example: Her rainmaking skills helped grow the firm.
Past tense of run.
Example: He ran the company for years.
Ordinary members of a group.
Example: The rank and file employees supported the decision.
Money demanded or paid for release.
Example: The kidnappers demanded a ransom.
Non-consensual sexual intercourse.
Example: The defendant was charged with rape.
A law limiting evidence about a victim’s past sexual behavior.
Example: The rape shield law protected the victim’s privacy.
Past tense of rape.
Example: The victim reported she was raped.
A person who commits rape.
Example: The raper was arrested.
Present form of rape.
Example: He was accused of raping the victim.
A person who commits rape.
Example: The rapist was convicted in court.
Taxed based on value.
Example: The property was ratable.
In proportion to value.
Example: Taxes were distributed ratably.
A set amount or to assign a value.
Example: The interest rate increased.
The value used to determine utility rates.
Example: The company’s rate base was reviewed.
Approval after the fact.
Example: The agreement needed ratification.
Approved after the fact.
Example: The contract was ratified.
One who approves something.
Example: The board acted as the ratifier.
To approve officially.
Example: The senate will ratify the treaty.
Present form of ratify.
Example: They are ratifying the agreement.
The legal reasoning behind a court’s decision.
Example: The ratio decidendi guides future cases.
Based on reason.
Example: The decision was rational.
A test asking if a law is reasonable.
Example: The court used rational basis review.
A standard to evaluate if laws are reasonable.
Example: The law passed the rational basis test.
The quality of being logical.
Example: The argument lacked rationality.
In a logical way.
Example: She acted rationally.
To sexually assault.
Example: He was accused of ravishing the victim.
The act of sexual assault.
Example: The charge was ravishment.
Concerning or about.
Example: The letter was written re the case.
Again or back.
Example: Reapply means apply again.
To arrive at or obtain.
Example: They reached an agreement.
Able to be contacted or obtained.
Example: The witness was reachable.
To adjust again.
Example: They readjusted the terms.
The act of adjusting again.
Example: A readjustment was necessary.
To confirm again.
Example: The court reaffirmed the ruling.
Confirmation again.
Example: The reaffirmation strengthened the case.
A court hearing to confirm a decision.
Example: The debtor attended a reaffirmation hearing.
Genuine or actual.
Example: The threat was real.
A strong legal defense valid against all claims.
Example: Fraud can be a real defense.
Land and buildings.
Example: She invested in real estate.
A company that invests in property.
Example: He bought into a REIT.
A financial structure for mortgage-backed securities.
Example: The loan was part of a REMIC.
A law ensuring transparency in real estate transactions.
Example: The closing followed RESPA rules.
Physical evidence used in court.
Example: The weapon was real evidence.
The person who benefits from a case.
Example: The trust was the real party in interest.
Land and permanent structures.
Example: The dispute involved real property.
A right related to property.
Example: Ownership is a real right.
To adjust or reposition.
Example: The parties realigned their interests.
The act of adjusting positions.
Example: Political realignment occurred.
The act of becoming aware or gaining profit.
Example: The realization came too late.
To become aware.
Example: He realized the mistake.
Past tense of realize.
Example: She realized the truth.
Present form of realize.
Example: He is realizing his potential.
A licensed real estate agent.
Example: The realtor listed the house.
Another term for real estate.
Example: She works in realty.
To redistribute.
Example: Districts were reapportioned.
Redistribution of representation.
Example: Reapportionment followed the census.
To argue again.
Example: The lawyer requested to reargue the case.
The act of arguing again.
Example: The court allowed reargument.
A cause or explanation.
Example: There was reason for concern.
Fair under the circumstances.
Example: The actions were reasonable.
Adjustments for disabilities or needs.
Example: The employer provided reasonable accommodation.
The caution a normal person would use.
Example: He failed to use reasonable care.
A valid reason to believe something.
Example: There was reasonable cause for arrest.
Proper effort expected in a situation.
Example: She showed reasonable diligence.
Uncertainty preventing conviction.
Example: The jury had reasonable doubt.
Appropriate force for a situation.
Example: The officer used reasonable force.
A standard of average behavior.
Example: A reasonable person would act differently.
A fair chance something is true.
Example: There was reasonable probability of success.
A basis for suspecting wrongdoing.
Example: The stop was based on reasonable suspicion.
Fair use of property or rights.
Example: The land was used under reasonable use.
The quality of being fair.
Example: The court examined reasonableness.
In a fair way.
Example: He acted reasonably.
Fair value in exchange.
Example: The deal lacked reasonably equivalent value.
A partial refund or discount.
Example: The buyer received a rebate.
To disprove or counter.
Example: The lawyer rebutted the claim.
Able to be disproven.
Example: The assumption was rebuttable.
An assumption that can be challenged.
Example: The presumption was rebuttable.
In a way that can be disproven.
Example: The claim was rebuttably presumed.
Evidence against a claim.
Example: The rebuttal weakened the case.
Evidence used to counter another side.
Example: The rebuttal evidence was strong.
A witness who counters testimony.
Example: The rebuttal witness testified.
Past tense of rebut.
Example: The argument was rebutted.
One who rebuts.
Example: The rebutter challenged the claim.
Present form of rebut.
Example: She is rebutting the argument.
To bring back or remember.
Example: The product was recalled.
To take back a statement.
Example: The witness recanted testimony.
Withdrawal of a statement.
Example: His recantation changed the case.
Restructuring a company’s finances.
Example: The firm underwent recapitalization.
To restructure finances.
Example: They recapitalized the company.
To regain or recover.
Example: The property was recaptured.
Past tense of recapture.
Example: The funds were recaptured.
Present form of recapture.
Example: They are recapturing losses.
Proof of payment or delivery.
Example: She kept the receipt.
Money owed to a person or business.
Example: The company tracked its receivables.
A person appointed to manage property in a legal case.
Example: The court appointed a receiver to oversee the assets.
A document showing debt owed during receivership.
Example: Investors received a receiver’s certificate.
Court control over property through a receiver.
Example: The company entered receivership.
A break in court proceedings.
Example: The judge called for a recess.
A temporary appointment made while the Senate is not in session.
Example: The president made a recess appointment.
To commit a crime again.
Example: The offender recidivated after release.
Committed a crime again.
Example: He recidivated within a year.
Repeating criminal behavior.
Example: The offender was recidivating.
The tendency to reoffend.
Example: The program reduced recidivism.
A repeat offender.
Example: The recidivist faced harsher penalties.
Related to repeat offenses.
Example: The behavior was recidivistic.
Mutual or shared.
Example: They had a reciprocal agreement.
Business exchanges between parties benefiting each other.
Example: The companies engaged in reciprocal dealing.
Mutual sharing arrangement, often in insurance.
Example: The policy was part of a reciprocal exchange.
Insurance where members insure each other.
Example: The group used reciprocal insurance.
An organization where members share insurance risk.
Example: He joined a reciprocal insurance exchange.
Another term for reciprocal insurance group.
Example: The company operated as a reciprocal interinsurance exchange.
A restriction placed on property use benefiting others.
Example: The land had a reciprocal negative easement.
Wills made by two people with similar terms.
Example: The couple created reciprocal wills.
In a mutual way.
Example: The parties acted reciprocally.
Mutual exchanges.
Example: The agreement included reciprocities.
Mutual exchange of privileges.
Example: States honored licenses through reciprocity.
Cancellation of a contract.
Example: The agreement ended by recision.
Cancellation of a contract.
Example: The contract was voided by recission.
A statement of facts in a document.
Example: The contract included a recital of terms.
Careless without regard for consequences.
Example: His reckless actions caused harm.
Ignoring whether a statement is true or false.
Example: The claim showed reckless disregard for the truth.
Ignoring the truth when making statements.
Example: The article showed reckless disregard of the truth.
Acting dangerously and risking harm.
Example: He was charged with reckless endangerment.
Causing death through reckless actions.
Example: The driver faced reckless homicide charges.
In a careless way.
Example: He acted recklessly.
Careless behavior.
Example: The accident was due to recklessness.
To take back property or rights.
Example: She reclaimed her belongings.
The act of taking back property.
Example: The land underwent reclamation.
Official acknowledgment.
Example: The union gained recognition.
A strike to force employer recognition of a union.
Example: Workers organized a recognition strike.
A promise to appear in court.
Example: He was released on recognizance.
To acknowledge officially.
Example: The court recognized the agreement.
Acknowledged officially.
Example: The right was recognized.
An officially accepted trading market.
Example: The stock was listed on a recognized market.
Acknowledging.
Example: The court is recognizing the claim.
A person who promises to appear in court.
Example: The recognizor signed the agreement.
A written record used when memory fails.
Example: The witness used recollection recorded.
Ability to be resolved.
Example: The dispute lacked reconcilability.
Able to be resolved.
Example: The differences were reconcilable.
To resolve differences.
Example: They reconciled their dispute.
Resolved differences.
Example: The parties reconciled.
The act of resolving.
Example: The agreement led to reconcilement.
Resolution of conflict.
Example: The process led to reconciliation.
Resolving differences.
Example: They are reconciling issues.
Renewal of a lease or agreement.
Example: The lease continued through reconduction.
Rebuilding or reorganizing.
Example: The company underwent reconstruction.
A counterclaim in a lawsuit.
Example: The defendant filed a reconvention.
A claim made by a defendant against a plaintiff.
Example: The case included a reconventional demand.
To transfer property back.
Example: The lender reconveyed the title.
Official documentation or to document.
Example: The deed was recorded.
The date determining ownership for rights or benefits.
Example: Shareholders were set by the record date.
The person listed as owner in records.
Example: She was the record owner.
Ownership shown in official records.
Example: The record title was clear.
The act of recording something officially.
Example: The recordal was completed.
Official recording of documents.
Example: The recordation confirmed ownership.
An official who keeps records.
Example: The recorder filed the document.
Laws governing property record filing.
Example: The case relied on the recording act.
To recover money or losses.
Example: The company recouped its costs.
Recovery of losses in a claim.
Example: He sought recoupment in court.
A way to seek help or remedy.
Example: She had legal recourse.
A loan allowing the lender to pursue the borrower personally.
Example: The debt was a recourse note.
To obtain a legal judgment or regain.
Example: She recovered damages.
Ability to be recovered.
Example: The damages’ recoverability was questioned.
Able to be recovered.
Example: The costs were recoverable.
Amounts regained.
Example: The firm reported recoveries.
The amount or act of regaining.
Example: The recovery included damages.
Additional questioning after redirect.
Example: The lawyer conducted recross-examination.
A judge stepping aside from a case.
Example: The judge’s recusal delayed the trial.
A person refusing to follow a rule or authority.
Example: The recusant resisted the order.
The act of stepping aside from a case.
Example: The recusation was necessary.
To remove oneself from a case.
Example: The judge recused herself.
Stepped aside from a case.
Example: He recused himself.
The act of recusing.
Example: The recusement was appropriate.
Stepping aside.
Example: She is recusing herself.
A distraction from the main issue.
Example: The argument was a red herring.
To buy back or recover property.
Example: He redeemed the property.
Able to be bought back.
Example: The bond was redeemable.
The act of buying back.
Example: The redemption saved the property.
A person who redeems property.
Example: The redemptioner reclaimed ownership.
Relating to recovery or saving.
Example: The act was redemptive.
Canceling a sale due to defects.
Example: The buyer sought redhibition.
Relating to defects allowing cancellation.
Example: The issue was a redhibitory defect.
A hidden flaw allowing cancellation of sale.
Example: The car had a redhibitory defect.
Questioning after cross-examination.
Example: The attorney conducted redirect examination.
To redraw district boundaries.
Example: The state redistricted after the census.
Discriminatory denial of services based on location.
Example: The bank was accused of redlining.
Remedy or to correct a wrong.
Example: The court provided redress.
To lower or decrease.
Example: The sentence was reduced.
To turn an idea into a working invention.
Example: The inventor reduced the idea to practice.
Made smaller or less.
Example: The penalty was reduced.
Ability to be reduced.
Example: The reducibility was analyzed.
Able to be reduced.
Example: The claim was reducible.
In a reducible way.
Example: The problem was reducibly simplified.
Making something smaller or less.
Example: The company is reducing costs.
The act of decreasing something.
Example: There was a reduction in fees.
Turning an idea into a working invention.
Example: The inventor achieved reduction to practice.
A Supreme Court case banning gender discrimination in estate administration.
Example: Reed v. Reed established equal protection for genders.
Taking back possession of property.
Example: The landlord made a reentry after nonpayment.
To examine again.
Example: The court will reexamine the evidence.
To send or direct to another.
Example: The case was referred to another court.
A person appointed to gather facts for a court.
Example: The judge assigned a referee.
Mention or to cite something.
Example: The lawyer made reference to the law.
Plural of referendum.
Example: The referenda were placed on ballots.
A public vote on a law.
Example: The law was decided by referendum.
Multiple public votes.
Example: Several referendums were held.
Sending a case or client elsewhere.
Example: The lawyer made a referral.
Directed elsewhere.
Example: The matter was referred to court.
Directing or mentioning.
Example: She is referring the case.
Short for refinance.
Example: They applied for a refi.
To replace a loan with a new one.
Example: He refinanced his mortgage.
To improve or change for better.
Example: The law underwent reform.
A school for juvenile offenders.
Example: The teen was sent to reform school.
Official correction of a document.
Example: The contract required reformation.
Facilities for rehabilitating offenders.
Example: Youth were sent to reformatories.
A correctional facility focused on reform.
Example: He was placed in a reformatory.
A person fleeing danger or persecution.
Example: The refugee sought asylum.
An annuity that returns unused funds after death.
Example: The plan included a refund annuity.
Abbreviation for regulation.
Example: The rule was cited as Reg. 5.
A Supreme Court case limiting affirmative action in admissions.
Example: Bakke shaped affirmative action policies.
A system or method of rule.
Example: The legal regime changed.
An official record or to record.
Example: The document was placed in the register.
Able to be officially recorded.
Example: The mark was registerable.
Officially recorded.
Example: The property is registered.
A bond recorded in the owner’s name.
Example: She owned a registered bond.
A security recorded to an owner.
Example: The shares were registered securities.
Recording officially.
Example: They are registering the trademark.
Able to be registered.
Example: The logo is registrable.
A person who registers something.
Example: The registrant filed paperwork.
An official who maintains records.
Example: The registrar processed the filing.
The act of recording officially.
Example: The registration was approved.
A document filed before selling securities.
Example: The company filed a registration statement.
Offices or systems for records.
Example: The registries held property data.
A place where records are kept.
Example: The deed was filed in the registry.
Consistent earnings.
Example: He relied on regular income.
A scheduled legislative meeting.
Example: The law passed in regular session.
To control by rules.
Example: The agency regulates businesses.
Controlled by rules.
Example: The industry is regulated.
Controlling through rules.
Example: The government is regulating activity.
A rule made by authority.
Example: The regulation limited actions.
A rule for private securities offerings.
Example: The company used Regulation D.
A rule for bank funds transfers.
Example: The transfer followed Regulation J.
A rule limiting bank interest rates
Example: Regulation Q restricted interest payments.
A rule governing credit for securities trading.
Example: The trade followed Regulation T.
A rule limiting bank loans for stock purchases.
Example: The loan complied with Regulation U.
A rule governing credit by borrowers.
Example: The borrower followed Regulation X.
A rule ensuring lending transparency.
Example: The lender complied with Regulation Z.
A person or agency that enforces rules.
Example: The regulator fined the company.
Related to rules or control.
Example: The issue was regulatory.
A government body that enforces rules.
Example: The regulatory agency investigated.
A violation of rules or regulations.
Example: He was charged with a regulatory offense.
A search done to enforce regulations.
Example: Inspectors conducted a regulatory search.
Government action reducing property value.
Example: The owner claimed a regulatory taking.
Short for rehearing.
Example: The case was marked reh.
Abbreviation for rehearing.
Example: The document noted reh’g.
To restore reputation or condition.
Example: The program rehabilitated offenders.
Restored to good condition.
Example: He was rehabilitated.
Restoring.
Example: The system is rehabilitating inmates.
Restoration to good condition.
Example: Rehabilitation reduced repeat offenses.
To hear a case again.
Example: The court will rehear the case.
Heard again.
Example: The case was reheard.
A second hearing of a case.
Example: The court granted a rehearing.
To repay expenses.
Example: The company reimbursed costs.
Paid back expenses.
Example: She was reimbursed.
Repayment of expenses.
Example: He requested reimbursement.
Paying back.
Example: They are reimbursing employees.
To write again.
Example: The document was reinscribed.
The act of writing again.
Example: The reinscription corrected errors.
Insurance for insurance companies.
Example: The company purchased reinsurance.
To insure again.
Example: The firm reinsured the risk.
A company providing reinsurance.
Example: The reinsurer covered losses.
To invest again.
Example: Profits were reinvested.
A corrected version of a patent.
Example: The inventor requested a reissue patent.
A company investing in real estate.
Example: She invested in a REIT.
To refuse or deny.
Example: The court rejected the claim.
The act of refusing.
Example: The proposal faced rejection.
A reply to a response in court.
Example: The lawyer filed a rejoinder.
To apply to an earlier date.
Example: The amendment relates back.
Applied to an earlier time.
Example: The claim related back.
Applying to a past date.
Example: The rule is relating back.
A rule applying actions to earlier dates.
Example: The case involved relation back.
Connected or a family member.
Example: The issue was relative to the case.
A contract valid unless challenged.
Example: The agreement had relative nullity.
Comparatively.
Example: The risk was relatively low.
A person bringing a case on behalf of another.
Example: The relator filed the claim.
To give up a right or free someone.
Example: She signed a release.
Set free or given up rights.
Example: He was released from duty.
Letting go of rights.
Example: They are releasing claims.
Importance to a case.
Example: The evidence had relevance.
Multiple relevant points.
Example: The case involved several relevancies.
Importance or connection.
Example: The lawyer argued relevancy.
Related to the matter.
Example: The fact was relevant.
Evidence related to the case.
Example: The judge allowed relevant evidence.
Trust in a statement or promise.
Example: She acted in reliance on the agreement.
The value of what someone lost by trusting a promise.
Example: She recovered her reliance interest after the contract failed.
Land added gradually as water recedes.
Example: The owner gained land through reliction.
Trusted or depended on.
Example: He relied on the agreement.
A legal remedy or benefit given by a court.
Example: The plaintiff sought relief.
To ease or remove a burden.
Example: The court relieved him of liability.
Freed from a burden.
Example: She was relieved of duty.
Easing or removing.
Example: The law is relieving pressure.
To try a case again.
Example: He attempted to relitigate the issue.
Tried again.
Example: The case was relitigated.
Trying again.
Example: They are relitigating the claim.
The act of retrying a case.
Example: The court denied relitigation.
To depend on.
Example: She relied on the contract.
Depending on.
Example: He is relying on evidence.
Future interest in property after another ends.
Example: She held the remainder interest.
A future interest that may expand to include more people.
Example: The class gift created a remainder vested subject to open.
A person who receives property later.
Example: The remainderman gained ownership.
Multiple future property holders.
Example: The remaindermen inherited the estate.
To send a case back to a lower court.
Example: The appellate court remanded the case.
Ability to be corrected.
Example: The issue’s remediability was debated.
Able to be fixed.
Example: The defect was remediable.
Intended to correct a problem.
Example: The law was remedial.
Steps taken to fix a problem.
Example: The company took remedial action.
To fix or correct.
Example: They remediated the damage.
The act of fixing a problem.
Example: Environmental remediation was required.
Fixed or corrected.
Example: The issue was remedied.
Legal solutions or fixes.
Example: The court considered remedies.
Without a legal solution.
Example: The plaintiff was left remediless.
A legal solution or to fix.
Example: The court ordered a remedy.
Fixing a problem.
Example: They are remedying the harm.
A financial structure for mortgage-backed securities.
Example: The loan was part of a REMIC.
To give up a right or claim.
Example: He remised his interest.
Gave up a claim.
Example: The rights were remised.
Giving up rights.
Example: She is remising ownership.
Cancellation or reduction of a penalty.
Example: The fine was reduced by remission.
To send or cancel payment.
Example: He remitted the funds.
The act of sending payment.
Example: The remitment was processed.
Able to be sent or paid.
Example: The amount was remittable.
Payment sent.
Example: The remittance covered the bill.
Sent or reduced.
Example: The debt was remitted.
A person who sends payment.
Example: The remitter completed the transfer.
Sending payment.
Example: He is remitting funds.
A reduction of damages by a judge.
Example: The judge ordered a remittitur.
A formal protest.
Example: The group filed a remonstrance.
Distant or not closely related.
Example: The cause was too remote.
An indirect cause of harm.
Example: The injury had a remote cause.
In a distant or indirect way.
Example: It was remotely connected.
Lack of closeness or connection.
Example: The court cited remoteness.
More distant.
Example: The remoter cause was dismissed.
Most distant.
Example: The remotest link was irrelevant.
Ability to be removed.
Example: The case’s removability was debated.
Able to be taken away.
Example: The case was removable to federal court.
The quality of being removable.
Example: The removableness was considered.
The act of taking away or transferring a case.
Example: The case involved removal to federal court.
A legal move to transfer a case.
Example: The defendant filed a removal action.
To take away.
Example: The court removed the case.
Able to be removed.
Example: The item was removeable.
Taken away.
Example: The case was removed.
Taking away.
Example: They are removing the claim.
To give or provide a decision.
Example: The court rendered judgment.
Able to be given or decided.
Example: The decision was renderable.
The act of delivering or deciding.
Example: The rendition of judgment was delayed.
A document authorizing extradition.
Example: The suspect was held on a rendition warrant.
Able to be renegotiated.
Example: The contract was renegotiable.
To negotiate again.
Example: They renegotiated the terms.
The act of negotiating again.
Example: The deal required renegotiation.
To continue or extend.
Example: The lease was renewed.
Ability to be renewed.
Example: The contract’s renewability mattered.
Able to be renewed.
Example: The license was renewable.
The act of extending.
Example: The renewal was approved.
A new note replacing an old one.
Example: The debt was replaced with a renewal note.
To give up a right.
Example: He renounced his claim.
Gave up rights.
Example: She renounced ownership.
Giving up rights.
Example: He is renouncing the claim.
Payment for property or to lease.
Example: She paid rent monthly.
Laws limiting rent increases.
Example: The apartment was under rent control.
Refusal to pay rent as protest.
Example: Tenants organized a rent strike.
Subject to rent limits.
Example: The unit was rent-controlled.
Property or payment for use.
Example: The rental was expensive.
A person who rents property.
Example: The renter signed a lease.
A person who earns income from property.
Example: The rentier lived off investments.
A person who rents property to others.
Example: The rentor collected payments.
Giving up a right.
Example: The renunciation ended the claim.
A legal rule referring a case to another jurisdiction’s law.
Example: The court applied renvoi.
To open again.
Example: The case was reopened.
A clause allowing reopening.
Example: The contract had a reopener.
A term allowing renegotiation.
Example: The lease included a reopening clause.
Short for reorganization.
Example: The filing noted reorg.
Restructuring a business.
Example: The company entered reorganization.
A plan to restructure finances.
Example: The court approved the reorganization plan.
To restructure.
Example: The firm reorganized operations.
Restructured.
Example: The company was reorganized.
Restructuring.
Example: They are reorganizing the business.
Short for representative.
Example: Rep. Smith voted on the bill.
Compensation for harm.
Example: The victim received reparation.
To cancel a law.
Example: The law was repealed.
A law that cancels another law.
Example: Congress passed a repealer.
A section canceling prior laws.
Example: The bill included a repealing clause.
A person who commits crimes again.
Example: The repeat offender received a harsher sentence.
Something that repels or is offensive.
Example: The conduct was repellent.
Something that takes the place of another.
Example: A replacement was provided.
The cost to replace something at current value.
Example: Insurance covered the replacement cost of the item.
Able to be recovered through replevin.
Example: The property was repleviable.
Recovered property through legal action.
Example: The goods were replevied.
Acts of recovering property.
Example: The court handled multiple replevies.
A legal action to recover property wrongfully taken.
Example: She filed a replevin claim.
A bond ensuring return of property if required.
Example: He posted a replevin bond.
A person who brings a replevin action.
Example: The replevisor sought recovery.
To recover property by legal action.
Example: They replevied the goods.
Recovering property legally.
Example: He is replevying assets.
A reply to a legal response.
Example: The plaintiff filed a replication.
A response to a claim.
Example: The defendant submitted a reply.
A written response to an opposing brief.
Example: The attorney filed a reply brief.
Short for repossession or repurchase agreement.
Example: The car went into repo.
A formal account or to present findings.
Example: The case report was filed.
To release from committee.
Example: The bill was reported out.
Required to be reported.
Example: The incident was reportable.
A person who records court decisions.
Example: The reporter documented the case.
The right to protect sources.
Example: The journalist claimed reporter’s privilege.
Pay for showing up to work.
Example: Workers received reporting pay.
Plural of repossession or agreements.
Example: The bank handled multiple repos.
To take back property for nonpayment.
Example: The lender repossessed the car.
Taking back property legally.
Example: The repossession occurred after default.
One who takes back property.
Example: The repossessor collected the vehicle.
To act on behalf of someone.
Example: The lawyer represented the client.
Acting on behalf of another.
Example: She had legal representation.
A person acting for another.
Example: The representative spoke for the company.
Temporary delay of punishment.
Example: The prisoner received a reprieve.
Delayed punishment.
Example: He was reprieved.
Delaying punishment.
Example: The governor is reprieving sentences.
Retaliation for an action.
Example: The act was a reprisal.
A government where citizens elect leaders.
Example: The country is a republic.
Repeating a statement publicly.
Example: The claim counted as republication.
To publish again.
Example: The article was republished.
To reject or deny.
Example: He repudiated the contract.
Rejected.
Example: The agreement was repudiated.
A person whose contract is rejected.
Example: The repudiatee sought damages.
Rejecting.
Example: She is repudiating the deal.
Refusal to perform a contract.
Example: The case involved repudiation.
One who rejects a contract.
Example: The repudiator faced liability.
Conflicts or inconsistencies.
Example: The contract had repugnancies.
A conflict between terms.
Example: The clause showed repugnancy.
Conflicting or offensive.
Example: The rule was repugnant to law.
A verdict with conflicting findings.
Example: The jury returned a repugnant verdict.
To buy back something.
Example: The company repurchased shares.
A short-term loan using securities.
Example: The bank entered a repurchase agreement.
Bought back.
Example: The stock was repurchased.
Buying back.
Example: The firm is repurchasing shares.
A person’s standing in the community.
Example: The case harmed his reputation.
Statements about someone’s character.
Example: Witnesses gave reputation testimony.
Related to reputation.
Example: The issue caused reputational damage.
A request to admit facts in a case.
Example: The lawyer sent a request for admission.
A request for guidance from a court.
Example: The jury made a request for instructions.
A demand for documents in a case.
Example: The attorney filed a request for production.
A request to confirm facts.
Example: The party submitted a request to admit.
Rule requiring certain records to be kept.
Example: The business followed the required records doctrine.
A contract to supply all needed goods.
Example: The buyer signed a requirements contract.
A formal request for goods or services.
Example: The department filed a requisition.
A Latin term meaning “thing” in law.
Example: The case involved the res.
A matter already decided by a court.
Example: The claim was dismissed as res adjudicata.
Events surrounding an incident.
Example: The statements were part of the res gestae.
Matters between others not relevant.
Example: The argument was dismissed as res inter alios acta.
Short for res ipsa loquitur.
Example: The case relied on res ipsa.
A rule that negligence is inferred from the situation.
Example: The injury spoke for itself under res ipsa loquitur.
Incorrect spelling of res ipsa loquitur.
Example: The term was misspelled as res ipsa loquitor.
A matter already decided.
Example: The claim was barred by res judicata.
A new or undecided issue.
Example: The case involved res nova.
Able to be sold again.
Example: The goods were resalable.
The act of selling again.
Example: The product was sold for resale.
Controlling resale prices.
Example: The company enforced resale price maintenance.
To cancel a contract.
Example: She rescinded the agreement.
Able to be canceled.
Example: The contract was rescindable.
Cancellation of a contract.
Example: The court ordered rescission.
Relating to cancellation.
Example: The claim was rescissory.
Holding someone liable for injuries during rescue.
Example: The rescuer sued under the rescue doctrine.
To impose a new sentence.
Example: The judge resentenced the defendant.
A retained right or interest.
Example: The deed included a reservation.
To keep or set aside.
Example: He reserved his rights.
Minimum acceptable price at auction.
Example: The item did not meet the reserve price.
Kept or held back.
Example: The rights were reserved.
Powers kept by states.
Example: The Constitution protects reserved powers.
Keeping something.
Example: She is reserving her rights.
A place where someone lives.
Example: The residence was listed.
Multiple places of residence.
Example: He maintained several residencies.
Status of living in a place.
Example: Residency requirements applied.
A person who lives somewhere.
Example: The resident filed a complaint.
Remaining parts of an estate.
Example: The residua were distributed.
Remaining after other parts are gone.
Example: The residual value was small.
Remaining estate after distributions.
Example: The residual estate was divided.
People receiving remaining assets.
Example: The residuaries inherited the balance.
Relating to what remains.
Example: The residuary clause applied.
Part of a will disposing of leftovers.
Example: The residuary clause distributed assets.
Gift of remaining real property.
Example: The residuary devise transferred land.
Remaining property after gifts.
Example: The residuary estate was divided.
Gift of remaining personal property.
Example: She received a residuary legacy.
Person receiving remaining property.
Example: The residuary legatee inherited funds.
What remains after distributions.
Example: The residue was small.
Remaining portion.
Example: The residuum was divided.
Rule requiring evidence beyond hearsay.
Example: The case followed the residuum rule.
A formal decision.
Example: The board passed a resolution.
Ending upon a condition.
Example: The contract was resolutory.
A condition that ends a contract when it occurs.
Example: The agreement had a resolutory condition.
To settle or decide.
Example: The court resolved the dispute.
Settled or decided.
Example: The issue was resolved.
Settling a matter.
Example: They are resolving the case.
A law regulating hazardous waste.
Example: The company complied with the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
A law ensuring transparency in real estate transactions.
Example: The lender followed RESPA rules.
A temporary delay or break.
Example: The defendant received a respite.
A rule making employers responsible for employee actions.
Example: The company was liable under respondeat superior.
The party responding in a case.
Example: The respondent filed an answer.
A loan secured by cargo at sea.
Example: The shipowner used respondentia.
Legal duty or obligation.
Example: He accepted responsibility.
Legally accountable.
Example: She was responsible for damages.
The quality of being responsible.
Example: The case questioned his responsibleness.
In an accountable way.
Example: He acted responsibly.
A formal reply to a complaint.
Example: The defendant filed a responsive pleading.
A verdict addressing the charges.
Example: The jury returned a responsive verdict.
What remains.
Example: The rest was divided.
A summary of legal principles.
Example: The court cited the Restatement.
Returning property or value.
Example: The court ordered restitution.
Related to restitution.
Example: The remedy was restitutional.
Intended to restore losses.
Example: The damages were restitutionary.
Serving to restore.
Example: The action was restitutive.
Relating to restoration.
Example: The claim was restitutory.
To hold back or limit.
Example: The court restrained the action.
A court order limiting actions.
Example: She obtained a restraining order.
Limitation or restriction.
Example: The law imposed restraint.
Actions limiting business competition.
Example: The contract was a restraint of trade.
Limits on transferring property.
Example: The clause created a restraint on alienation.
To limit.
Example: The law restricts activity.
Limited or controlled.
Example: The area was restricted.
Securities with limits on resale.
Example: The shares were restricted securities.
A limitation.
Example: The contract had restrictions.
Limiting in nature.
Example: The clause was restrictive.
A limit on property use.
Example: The deed included a restrictive covenant.
Limits transfer of a check.
Example: The check had a restrictive endorsement.
In a limiting way.
Example: The rule was applied restrictively.
The degree of limitation.
Example: The policy’s restrictiveness was debated.
To reorganize.
Example: The company restructured its debt.
Reorganized.
Example: The business was restructured.
The act of reorganizing.
Example: The firm underwent restructuring.
A trust implied by law.
Example: The court found a resulting trust.
Property held for another’s benefit.
Example: The arrangement created a resulting use.
To keep or hire.
Example: She retained a lawyer.
Money withheld until completion.
Example: The contract included retainage.
Profits kept in a business.
Example: The company reinvested retained earnings.
Advance payment to a lawyer.
Example: He paid a retainer.
A lawyer’s right to keep client property until paid.
Example: The attorney used a retaining lien.
To respond with harm.
Example: He retaliated against the claim.
Responded with harm.
Example: The employer retaliated.
Responding with harm.
Example: She is retaliating.
Harmful response.
Example: The case involved retaliation.
Related to retaliation.
Example: The act was retaliative.
Done in response to harm.
Example: The firing was retaliatory.
Firing for improper reasons.
Example: He sued for retaliatory discharge.
Eviction for retaliation.
Example: The tenant claimed retaliatory eviction.
Keeping something.
Example: The policy improved retention.
To stop working or pay off a debt.
Example: He retired the loan.
No longer working.
Example: She is retired.
Leaving work.
Example: He is retiring soon.
Withdrawal of a statement.
Example: The article issued a retraction.
A voluntary dismissal of a claim.
Example: The case ended in retraxit.
Withdrawal.
Example: The party made a legal retreat.
A new trial.
Example: The court ordered a retrial.
Punishment for wrongdoing.
Example: The sentence was retribution.
Relating to punishment.
Example: The system was retributive.
In a punishing way.
Example: The law acted retributively.
Tried again.
Example: The case was retried.
Applying to the past.
Example: The law was retroactive.
Applied to past events.
Example: The rule applied retroactively.
Application to past events.
Example: The law’s retroactivity was challenged.
Return of territory or rights.
Example: The treaty involved retrocession.
Looking back.
Example: The law was retrospective.
Looking back.
Example: The decision applied retrospectively.
To try again.
Example: The court will retry the case.
Trying again.
Example: They are retrying the issue.
To give back or come back.
Example: He returned the property.
The date to appear in court.
Example: The return day was set.
Proof that legal papers were delivered.
Example: The return of service was filed.
Required to be returned.
Example: The document was returnable.
Short for reversed.
Example: The decision was marked rev’d.
Short for revenue ruling.
Example: The IRS issued a Rev. Rul.
Short for revised statutes.
Example: The law was cited as Rev. Stat.
To claim or recover property.
Example: She revendicated the land.
Claimed back property.
Example: The asset was revendicated.
Claiming back.
Example: He is revendicating rights.
The act of reclaiming property.
Example: The case involved revendication.
Relating to reclaiming property.
Example: The action was revendicatory.
Income from taxes or business.
Example: The state increased revenue.
A bill involving taxes.
Example: Congress passed a revenue bill.
A bond paid from project income.
Example: The city issued a revenue bond.
Laws about taxes.
Example: The case involved revenue law.
An IRS interpretation of tax law.
Example: The IRS issued a revenue ruling.
Proof of tax payment.
Example: The document had a revenue stamp.
Overturning a decision.
Example: The appeal resulted in reversal.
To change or opposite.
Example: The court reversed the ruling.
Discrimination against a majority group.
Example: The case alleged reverse discrimination.
A loan against home equity for seniors.
Example: She applied for a reverse mortgage.
Selling another’s product as your own.
Example: The company was accused of reverse palming off.
Misrepresenting another’s goods as your own.
Example: The claim involved reverse passing off.
Targeting vulnerable areas with unfair practices.
Example: The bank was accused of reverse redlining.
Reducing shares while increasing value per share.
Example: The company announced a reverse stock split.
Changed or overturned.
Example: The judgment was reversed.
Able to be changed or undone.
Example: The error was reversible.
A serious mistake that can overturn a decision.
Example: The appeal was based on reversible error.
Changing or overturning.
Example: The court is reversing the ruling.
Return of property to the original owner.
Example: The land went back by reversion.
Relating to returning ownership.
Example: She held a reversionary interest.
Future right to regain property.
Example: The owner kept a reversionary interest.
One who gets property back.
Example: The reversioner regained the land.
To return to a previous state.
Example: The property reverted to the owner.
A return of property by condition.
Example: The clause created a reverter.
Able to return to a prior state.
Example: The interest was revertible.
To give property back.
Example: The title revested in the owner.
Examination by a higher court.
Example: The case went under review.
Ability to be reviewed.
Example: The decision’s reviewability was questioned.
Able to be reviewed.
Example: The ruling was reviewable.
A law governing partnerships.
Example: The state adopted the Revised Uniform Partnership Act.
Bringing back a legal action.
Example: The claim saw revival.
To bring back.
Example: The court revived the case.
Brought back.
Example: The claim was revived.
Bringing back.
Example: They are reviving the case.
Able to be canceled.
Example: The trust was revocable.
A trust that can be changed or canceled.
Example: She created a revocable trust.
Cancellation of a right or agreement.
Example: The license faced revocation.
Relating to cancellation.
Example: The action was revocatory.
A lawsuit to cancel a transaction.
Example: The creditor filed a revocatory action.
To cancel or withdraw.
Example: The agency revoked the license.
Canceled.
Example: His license was revoked.
One who cancels.
Example: The revoker withdrew consent.
Canceling.
Example: The court is revoking the permit.
Credit that renews as it is used.
Example: She used revolving credit.
To change land use classification.
Example: The city rezoned the area.
Had zoning changed.
Example: The land was rezoned.
The act of changing zoning.
Example: The project required rezoning.
A placeholder name in legal cases.
Example: The case listed Richard Roe.
A case affirming public access to trials.
Example: The ruling supported open courts.
A law targeting organized crime.
Example: The group was charged under RICO.
An addition to a legal document.
Example: The contract included a rider.
A legal entitlement.
Example: He exercised his right.
A person entitled to inherit.
Example: She was the right heir.
The right to bring a lawsuit.
Example: He had a right of action.
The right to be credited for work.
Example: The artist claimed right of attribution.
Shared use of land.
Example: Villagers had a right of common.
The right to enter property.
Example: The landlord had a right of entry.
The right to buy before others.
Example: She had a right of first refusal.
The right to prevent changes to work.
Example: The author enforced right of integrity.
The right to complain to the government.
Example: Citizens used the right of petition.
The right to be left alone.
Example: The case involved right of privacy.
The right to control use of one’s image.
Example: The actor claimed right of publicity.
The right to reclaim property after foreclosure.
Example: He exercised his right of redemption.
The right to take back property.
Example: The lease included a right of reentry.
Property passing to a surviving owner.
Example: The joint tenants had right of survivorship.
The right to use property.
Example: She had a right of use.
Protection from intrusion.
Example: The case involved right to privacy.
The right to pass through property.
Example: The road had a right-of-way.
Laws allowing assisted death.
Example: The state passed a right-to-die law.
The right to access information.
Example: The law supports right-to-know.
Laws preventing mandatory union membership.
Example: The state adopted right-to-work laws.
A test for insanity in criminal law.
Example: The defense used the right-wrong test.
Legally correct or just.
Example: She was the rightful owner.
In a just manner.
Example: He rightfully claimed the property.
Resolving disputes over rights.
Example: The issue went to rights arbitration.
A violent public disturbance.
Example: The protest turned into a riot.
A person involved in a riot.
Example: The rioter was arrested.
Violent or disorderly.
Example: The crowd became riotous.
Relating to water rights near rivers.
Example: The land had riparian rights.
The right to use water from nearby land.
Example: The owner claimed riparian right.
The rights of a landowner whose property borders a river or stream to use its water.
Her riparian rights allowed her to draw water for her cattle from the creek.
Ready for legal decision.
Example: The case was ripe for review.
Readiness for court decision.
Example: The issue lacked ripeness.
Rule that cases must be ready for review.
Example: The claim failed under ripeness doctrine.
Chance of loss or harm.
Example: The contract involved risk.
Money invested with high risk.
Example: The startup used risk capital.
A test weighing risk against benefit.
Example: The court applied the risk-utility test.
Without risk.
Example: The deal was nearly riskless.
Request for judicial intervention.
Example: The attorney filed an RJI.
A barrier or checkpoint.
Example: Police set up a roadblock.
Multiple thefts by force.
Example: The robberies increased.
Taking property by force or threat.
Example: He was charged with robbery.
A judge’s garment.
Example: The judge wore a robe.
A Supreme Court case on abortion rights.
Example: Roe v. Wade shaped reproductive rights.
A list or to move.
Example: The clerk called the roll.
Calling names to record presence.
Example: The court held roll call.
To extend or transfer.
Example: He rolled over the account.
Transfer of funds or extension.
Example: The rollover avoided taxes.
Combining multiple businesses.
Example: The firm completed a rollup.
Ancient legal system of Rome.
Example: Roman law influenced modern law.
A scholar of Roman law.
Example: The Romanist studied legal history.
A case striking down discrimination laws.
Example: Romer v. Evans protected equal rights.
Source or origin.
Example: The root of the dispute was clear.
A case defining obscenity limits.
Example: Roth v. United States shaped free speech law.
Standard trading unit of stock.
Example: He bought a round lot.
Payments for use of property or work.
Example: The artist earned royalties.
Payment for use of property.
Example: She received royalty payments.
A rule or guideline.
Example: The rubric guided decisions.
A law or to decide.
Example: The judge ruled on the case.
A rule against securities fraud.
Example: The case involved Rule 10b-5.
A rule limiting long-term property control.
Example: The trust violated the rule against perpetuities.
A rule that converts certain future interests into present ownership.
Example: The court applied the rule in Shelley’s Case.
A rule requiring full context of evidence.
Example: The judge applied the rule of completeness.
A rule closing a class of beneficiaries.
Example: The gift was limited by the rule of convenience.
Procedures set by a court.
Example: The filing followed the rule of court.
Law applied to decide a case.
Example: State law served as the rule of decision.
Supreme Court rule to hear a case if four justices agree.
Example: The case was accepted under the rule of four.
The principle that law governs everyone equally.
Example: The country upheld the rule of law.
Interpreting unclear criminal laws in favor of defendants.
Example: The court applied the rule of lenity.
Allowing judges to hear cases despite conflicts if no alternative exists.
Example: The judge relied on the rule of necessity.
A test balancing business practices’ effects on competition.
Example: The court used the rule of reason.
Decided by a court.
Example: The judge ruled in favor of the plaintiff.
The process of creating regulations.
Example: The agency engaged in rulemaking.
A group that sets procedures.
Example: The rules committee reviewed the proposal.
A court’s decision.
Example: The ruling favored the plaintiff.
An official interpretation by an agency.
Example: The IRS issued a ruling letter.
To operate or manage.
Example: She runs the company.
Rights or duties that transfer with property ownership.
Example: The covenant runs with the land.
Operating or managing.
Example: He is running the business.
A law providing electricity to rural areas.
Example: The Rural Electrification Act expanded access.
A placeholder case name.
Example: The file was labeled S case.
A corporation taxed like a partnership.
Example: The business elected S corporation status.
Senate bill.
Example: The law was introduced as S.B. 12.
Doctor of Juridical Science degree.
Example: She earned an S.J.D.
Deliberate damage or interference.
Example: The worker was accused of sabotage.
A legal protection from liability if rules are followed.
Example: The company qualified for safe harbor protection.
Able to be sold.
Example: The goods were salable.
Paid a fixed amount regularly.
Example: She is a salaried employee.
Payments made to employees.
Example: The company increased salaries.
Fixed regular payment for work.
Example: He earns a yearly salary.
Transfer of ownership for money.
Example: The sale of the property closed.
Sale of property as a whole, not by measurement.
Example: The land was sold in gross.
Sale that becomes final after buyer accepts.
Example: The item was delivered on sale on approval.
Sale allowing return if unsold.
Example: The goods were sold on sale or return.
Able to be sold.
Example: The product is saleable.
Tax on goods and services sold.
Example: The total included sales tax.
Property saved or to recover value.
Example: The company salvaged materials.
Value of property after damage.
Example: The car’s salvage value was low.
A test comparing evidence to determine if claims are the same.
Example: The court applied the same evidence test.
A case on school funding inequality.
Example: Rodriguez addressed education funding.
A penalty or to approve.
Example: The court imposed a sanction.
Subject to penalty.
Example: The conduct was sanctionable.
Mentally sound.
Example: The defendant was found sane.
Mental soundness.
Example: The trial questioned his sanity.
A case recognizing corporate rights.
Example: The case influenced corporate law.
A law regulating corporate financial practices.
Example: Companies must comply with Sarbanes-Oxley.
Past tense of sit.
Example: He sat during testimony.
Fulfillment of a debt or obligation.
Example: The judgment was satisfied.
A document proving a debt is paid.
Example: The lender filed a satisfaction piece.
Fulfilled or completed.
Example: The debt was satisfied.
To fulfill a requirement.
Example: She satisfied the judgment.
Fulfilling.
Example: He is satisfying the obligation.
A provision preserving rights.
Example: The statute included a saving clause.
A clause preserving certain legal rights in maritime law.
Example: The case involved the saving to suitors clause.
A financial institution for savings and mortgages.
Example: She opened an account at a savings and loan association.
A bank focused on savings accounts.
Example: He deposited money in a savings bank.
A trust managed by a savings bank.
Example: The funds were in a savings bank trust.
A government-issued bond.
Example: She invested in a savings bond.
A provision preserving existing rights.
Example: The law contained a savings clause.
A law allowing refiling of cases.
Example: The claim was saved by a savings statute.
Small Business Administration.
Example: The SBA supported the loan.
A worker who replaces striking workers.
Example: The union opposed scabs.
A system of measurement or to adjust.
Example: The damages were calculated on a scale.
To resell tickets at higher prices.
Example: He was accused of scalping tickets.
A person who resells goods at higher prices.
Example: The scalper sold tickets illegally.
A case limiting federal regulatory power.
Example: The ruling struck down regulations.
A list or to plan.
Example: The court set a schedule.
Planned.
Example: The hearing was scheduled.
A plan or system.
Example: The fraud scheme was uncovered.
A case defining limits of free speech.
Example: The case introduced the clear and present danger test.
Short for scire facias.
Example: The document cited sci. fa.
Knowledge of wrongdoing.
Example: The case required proof of scienter.
A very small amount of evidence.
Example: There was only a scintilla of proof.
A writ requiring a person to show cause.
Example: The court issued a scire facias.
Actions done as part of a job.
Example: The act was within the scope of employment.
A case denying citizenship to enslaved people.
Example: Scott v. Sandford worsened tensions.
A series of cases involving wrongful convictions.
Example: The Scottsboro Cases highlighted injustice.
The Supreme Court of the United States.
Example: The case reached SCOTUS.
A person who writes legal documents.
Example: The scrivener drafted the contract.
Multiple examinations.
Example: The case faced many scrutinies.
Close examination.
Example: The law faced strict scrutiny.
A mark showing authenticity or to close.
Example: The document bore a seal.
To look for evidence.
Example: Police conducted a search.
Constitutional protection against unreasonable searches.
Example: The case involved the search and seizure clause.
Court approval to search property.
Example: Officers obtained a warrant.
Court order allowing a search.
Example: Police executed a search warrant.
A person who examines records.
Example: The title searcher reviewed documents.
Done within a reasonable time.
Example: The action was seasonable.
In a timely way.
Example: He acted seasonably.
Securities and Exchange Commission.
Example: The SEC investigated the company.
A level of severity in crimes.
Example: He was charged with second degree assault.
A loan secured after the first mortgage.
Example: They took out a second mortgage.
Of a certain level of severity.
Example: The charge was second-degree.
Intentional killing without premeditation.
Example: He was convicted of second-degree murder.
In a secondary way.
Example: He was secondarily liable.
The state of being secondary.
Example: The issue showed secondariness.
Not primary.
Example: The role was secondary.
A backup beneficiary.
Example: She was named secondary beneficiary.
A boycott targeting third parties.
Example: The union used a secondary boycott.
Evidence used when original is unavailable.
Example: The court allowed secondary evidence.
Responsibility for another’s actions.
Example: He faced secondary liability.
Market for reselling securities.
Example: Stocks were traded on the secondary market.
A meaning developed beyond the original.
Example: The trademark gained secondary meaning.
Protest targeting related businesses.
Example: Workers engaged in secondary picketing.
A strike affecting unrelated employers.
Example: The union organized a secondary strike.
A hidden or sealed will.
Example: The estate involved a secret testament.
Multiple administrative officials.
Example: The secretaries handled filings.
An administrative officer.
Example: The secretary recorded minutes.
An official managing Senate records.
Example: The Secretary of the Senate filed the bill.
A law allowing lawsuits for civil rights violations.
Example: He filed a claim under Section 1983.
To protect or obtain.
Example: The creditor secured the loan.
Backed by collateral.
Example: The loan was secured.
A lender with collateral rights.
Example: The bank was a secured creditor.
A person with a security interest.
Example: The lender was the secured party.
A loan backed by collateral.
Example: The deal was a secured transaction.
Protecting or obtaining.
Example: They are securing the assets.
Financial investments like stocks or bonds.
Example: She traded securities.
Laws regulating securities markets.
Example: The company followed securities acts.
Federal agency regulating markets.
Example: The SEC filed charges.
A law regulating stock trading.
Example: The case involved the Securities Exchange Act.
Turning assets into tradable securities.
Example: The loans were securitized.
To turn assets into tradable securities.
Example: The bank securitized loans.
Converted into securities.
Example: The assets were securitized.
Converting into securities.
Example: The firm is securitizing debt.
Protection or collateral for a loan.
Example: The loan required security.
A contract granting a security interest.
Example: They signed a security agreement.
Money held to cover potential damages.
Example: The tenant paid a security deposit.
Money required to cover legal expenses.
Example: The court ordered security for costs.
A legal claim on collateral.
Example: The lender had a security interest.
Encouraging rebellion against the government.
Example: He was charged with sedition.
A law restricting speech during wartime.
Example: The Sedition Act limited criticism.
Inciting rebellion.
Example: The speech was considered seditious.
In a rebellious manner.
Example: He spoke seditiously.
To separate groups.
Example: The law segregated communities.
Separated by law or practice.
Example: Schools were segregated.
Separating.
Example: The system was segregating groups.
Separation of groups.
Example: The policy enforced segregation.
Promoting separation.
Example: The rule was segregative.
To take legal possession of property.
Example: The heir was seised of the land.
Legal possession of property.
Example: She held seisin of the estate.
Able to be taken by law.
Example: The goods were seizable.
To take possession by authority.
Example: Officers seized the property.
Taken by authority.
Example: The assets were seized.
Another term for seisin.
Example: He claimed seizin.
Taking possession.
Example: They are seizing assets.
The act of taking property.
Example: The seizure was lawful.
Applying Bill of Rights protections to states.
Example: The court used selective incorporation.
A local government official.
Example: The selectman voted on the issue.
Acting in one’s own interest in a transaction.
Example: The director was accused of self-dealing.
Protecting oneself from harm.
Example: He claimed self-defense.
Effective without additional action.
Example: The clause was self-executing.
Acting without legal process.
Example: The landlord used self-help eviction.
Implying one’s own guilt.
Example: The statement was self-incriminating.
Giving evidence against oneself.
Example: The Fifth Amendment protects against self-incrimination.
Covering one’s own risks.
Example: The company used self-insurance.
To insure oneself.
Example: The firm chose to self-insure.
One who provides their own insurance.
Example: The business acted as a self-insurer.
Verified without further proof.
Example: The will was self-proved.
Able to be verified easily.
Example: The document was self-proving.
A statement benefiting the speaker.
Example: The court rejected the self-serving declaration.
To transfer ownership for money.
Example: She sold the property.
To sell borrowed stock expecting price drop.
Example: Investors sell short to profit.
One who sells.
Example: The seller signed the contract.
Transferring ownership.
Example: He is selling shares.
To appear or seem.
Example: It seems, or semble, that the rule applies.
A law protecting chip designs.
Example: The act protects chip layouts.
A legislative body.
Example: The bill passed the Senate.
A member of the Senate.
Example: The senator proposed a law.
Relating to senators.
Example: The election was senatorial.
Higher in rank or older.
Example: He held a senior position.
A claim with priority over others.
Example: The bank held a senior lien.
A mortgage with priority.
Example: The lender had a senior mortgage.
Length of service.
Example: Promotions were based on seniority.
A court’s punishment or to impose it.
Example: The judge issued a sentence.
Given punishment.
Example: He was sentenced to prison.
The act of imposing punishment.
Example: The sentencing occurred today.
Rules for determining sentences.
Example: The judge followed sentencing guidelines.
Simplified employee pension plan.
Example: He contributed to a SEP.
A clause keeping parts valid if others fail.
Example: The contract included a separability clause.
A distinct issue within a case.
Example: The court addressed a separable controversy.
To divide or keep apart.
Example: The assets were separate.
A doctrine allowing segregation.
Example: The ruling supported separate but equal.
Property owned individually.
Example: The inheritance was a separate estate.
Financial support without divorce.
Example: She sought separate maintenance.
An opinion differing from the majority.
Example: The judge wrote a separate opinion.
Property owned by one spouse.
Example: The asset was separate property.
Divided or apart.
Example: The couple was separated.
Dividing.
Example: The law is separating assets.
The act of dividing.
Example: The couple filed for separation.
A contract between separated spouses.
Example: They signed a separation agreement.
Legal separation without divorce.
Example: The couple sought separation from bed and board.
Division between religion and government.
Example: The case involved separation of church and state.
Division of government authority.
Example: The Constitution establishes separation of powers.
To isolate or set aside.
Example: The jury was sequestered.
Isolated.
Example: The jurors were sequestered.
Isolating.
Example: The court is sequestering the jury.
To take possession of property.
Example: The assets were sequestrated.
Taken into custody.
Example: The property was sequestrated.
Taking possession.
Example: They are sequestrating assets.
The act of taking or isolating.
Example: The sequestration was ordered.
One who seizes property.
Example: The sequestrator acted under court order.
A bond issued in parts over time.
Example: The city issued a serial bond.
One by one.
Example: The judges spoke seriatim.
Major physical injury.
Example: The charge involved serious bodily harm.
Severe physical damage.
Example: The victim suffered serious bodily injury.
An employee under control of another.
Example: The worker was considered a servant.
To deliver legal documents.
Example: The papers were served.
Delivered officially.
Example: The defendant was served.
Delivery of legal notice.
Example: Proper service was required.
A trademark for services.
Example: The company registered a service mark.
The formal delivery of legal documents that notify someone of a lawsuit or court action.
Proper service of process ensures the defendant knows about the case.
Maintained or handled.
Example: The loan was serviced.
A law providing benefits to veterans.
Example: The act supported returning soldiers.
Managing loans or services.
Example: The bank handled loan servicing.
Land burdened by an easement.
Example: The property was a servient estate.
Delivering documents.
Example: He is serving notice.
A property burden like an easement.
Example: The land had a servitude.
A period of court or legislative activity.
Example: The court was in session.
To cancel or overturn.
Example: The verdict was set aside.
To balance debts.
Example: The amounts were set off.
The balancing of mutual debts.
Example: The claim involved set-off.
To resolve a dispute.
Example: The parties agreed to settle.
Resolved or decided.
Example: The dispute was settled.
An agreement resolving a dispute.
Example: The case ended in a settlement.
Choices for how a payment is made.
Example: The policy included a settlement option.
Resolving a dispute.
Example: They are settling the case.
A person who creates a trust.
Example: The settlor transferred assets.
To divide or separate.
Example: The court severed the claims.
Ability of parts to remain valid if others fail.
Example: The contract’s severability was important.
A clause keeping valid parts enforceable.
Example: The agreement had a severability clause.
Able to be separated.
Example: The issues were severable.
Separate or individual.
Example: The parties had several obligations.
Individual responsibility for a full obligation.
Example: Each defendant had several liability.
A duty owed individually.
Example: The contract created several obligations.
Individually.
Example: They were severally responsible.
Ownership by one person.
Example: He owned the land in severalty.
Division or separation.
Example: The case involved severance of claims.
Divided.
Example: The issues were severed.
Dividing.
Example: The court is severing the claims.
Unequal treatment based on gender.
Example: She filed a claim for sex discrimination.
A person convicted of a sex crime.
Example: The offender was registered.
Illegal trade involving sexual exploitation.
Example: The case involved sex trafficking.
Harmful sexual conduct.
Example: The victim reported sexual abuse.
Non-consensual sexual contact.
Example: He was charged with sexual assault.
Unlawful sexual touching.
Example: The defendant faced sexual battery charges.
Unwanted sexual behavior in workplace or other settings.
Example: She filed a sexual harassment claim.
A person who commits repeated sexual offenses.
Example: The law targeted sexual predators.
A thorough search for contraband.
Example: The prison conducted a shakedown search.
Something false or fake.
Example: The deal was a sham.
A false or misleading legal claim.
Example: The court struck the sham pleading.
A fake deal to avoid law.
Example: The IRS challenged the sham transaction.
Ownership portion or to divide.
Example: He owned shares in the company.
Custody divided between parents.
Example: The parents agreed to shared custody.
A person who owns stock.
Example: The shareholder voted.
A contract governing shareholder actions.
Example: They signed a shareholder control agreement.
A decision by shareholders.
Example: The resolution passed.
A meeting of company owners.
Example: The shareholders’ meeting was held.
A lawsuit brought on behalf of a corporation.
Example: The shareholder filed a derivative suit.
Ownership of shares.
Example: His shareholding increased.
Another term for shareholder.
Example: The shareowner attended the meeting.
Measures to prevent takeovers.
Example: The company used shark repellent strategies.
Pre-registering securities for future sale.
Example: The firm used shelf registration.
Securities ready for future sale.
Example: The bonds were shelf securities.
A company with no active business.
Example: The assets were held in a shell corporation.
A trust reducing estate taxes.
Example: The estate used a shelter trust.
To check legal citations.
Example: The lawyer Shepardized the case.
Checked citations.
Example: The opinion was Shepardized.
Checking citations.
Example: He is Shepardizing the case.
A law enforcement officer.
Example: The sheriff served papers.
A deed from a court-ordered sale.
Example: The buyer received a sheriff’s deed.
Sale of property by court order.
Example: The home was sold at a sheriff’s sale.
A law prohibiting monopolies.
Example: The company violated the Sherman Act.
A law protecting journalists’ sources.
Example: The reporter relied on a shield law.
A property interest that moves between people.
Example: The gift created a shifting use.
A contract where risk passes at shipment.
Example: The deal was a shipment contract.
A sudden impact or surprise.
Example: The ruling shocked observers.
A workplace or to look for goods.
Example: The case involved a shop dispute.
A group representing workers.
Example: The shop committee negotiated terms.
An employer’s right to use employee inventions.
Example: The company claimed shop right.
A union representative.
Example: The shop steward filed a complaint.
To steal from a store.
Example: He was caught shoplifting.
A person who steals from stores.
Example: The shoplifter was arrested.
Limited or to sell borrowed stock.
Example: He sold the stock short.
Reduced insurance refund rate.
Example: The policy used a short rate.
Refinancing with reduced loan balance.
Example: The borrower obtained a short refinance.
Selling property for less than owed.
Example: The house was sold in a short sale.
Lasting a brief time.
Example: It was a short term agreement.
A simplified merger process.
Example: The companies completed a short-form merger.
Profit from quick stock trades by insiders.
Example: The law restricts short-swing profit.
Profit from assets held briefly.
Example: The gain was taxed as short-term.
To present evidence.
Example: The plaintiff showed proof.
To explain why something should not happen.
Example: The court ordered him to show cause.
A court order requiring explanation.
Example: The judge issued a show cause order.
Presented.
Example: He showed evidence.
Presenting.
Example: She is showing proof.
Presented.
Example: The facts were shown.
A one-person identification by a witness.
Example: The suspect was identified in a showup.
A discussion between judge and lawyers.
Example: The judge called a sidebar.
A private courtroom discussion.
Example: The attorneys held a sidebar conference.
Immediate view or presentation.
Example: The draft was payable at sight.
A payment due on presentation.
Example: The buyer paid the sight draft.
To approve or mark.
Example: She signed the contract.
People who sign documents.
Example: The signatories agreed.
A person who signs.
Example: He was a signatory.
A written name.
Example: The document required a signature.
A crime with unique identifying traits.
Example: The case involved a signature crime.
A person who signs.
Example: The signer approved the deal.
A president’s explanation of a law.
Example: The president issued a signing statement.
Lack of speech.
Example: His silence raised questions.
Not speaking.
Example: The witness remained silent.
An investor not involved in management.
Example: He was a silent partner.
A record lacking details.
Example: The court noted a silent record.
Evidence proving facts without testimony.
Example: The case used silent witness theory.
Basic or uncomplicated.
Example: The contract was simple.
Minor physical threat or attempt.
Example: He was charged with simple assault.
Unlawful physical contact.
Example: The charge was simple battery.
An agreement not under seal.
Example: The deal was a simple contract.
Interest based only on principal.
Example: The loan used simple interest.
A clause protecting lenders.
Example: The policy included a simple mortgage clause.
Failure to use reasonable care.
Example: The case involved simple negligence.
Robbery without weapons.
Example: He was charged with simple robbery.
A trust distributing all income.
Example: The estate created a simple trust.
Simply or without condition.
Example: The rule applies simpliciter.
A retirement plan for small businesses.
Example: He contributed to a simplified employee pension.
In a straightforward way.
Example: The issue was simply resolved.
To imitate or pretend.
Example: He simulated compliance.
Imitated.
Example: The results were simulated.
Imitating.
Example: The system is simulating conditions.
An imitation or model.
Example: The case involved simulation of events.
A law for inheritance when people die together.
Example: The estate followed the simultaneous death act.
A rule treating one publication as one claim.
Example: The case applied the single publication rule.
A law covering one act.
Example: The claim relied on a single-act statute.
Money set aside to pay debt.
Example: The company created a sinking fund.
To hold court or be in session.
Example: The judge will sit tomorrow.
Workers refusing to leave workplace.
Example: Employees staged a sit-down strike.
A session of court or legislature.
Example: The court was in sitting.
Location of property for legal purposes.
Example: The situs determined jurisdiction.
Someone avoiding legal obligations.
Example: The debtor became a skip person.
False spoken statement harming reputation.
Example: He sued for slander.
False statements harming products.
Example: The company claimed slander of goods.
False statements harming property ownership.
Example: The owner sued for slander of title.
A person who makes false statements.
Example: The slanderer faced liability.
Defamatory.
Example: The remarks were slanderous.
In a defamatory way.
Example: He spoke slanderously.
The quality of being defamatory.
Example: The court examined slanderousness.
Cases limiting privileges and immunities rights.
Example: The Slaughterhouse Cases narrowed protections.
Minimal lack of care.
Example: The act was slight negligence.
A law published individually before compilation.
Example: The statute appeared as a slip law.
A court decision released before final publication.
Example: The court issued a slip opinion.
Reduced work pace by employees.
Example: Workers organized a slowdown.
A business with limited size.
Example: The law supports small business.
A federal agency aiding businesses.
Example: The SBA offered loans.
A corporation qualifying for special tax treatment.
Example: The company was a small business corporation.
A minor legal dispute.
Example: The issue was a small claim.
A court for minor cases.
Example: She filed in small claims court.
A simplified tax dispute case.
Example: The issue was heard as a small tax case.
Investment by experienced investors.
Example: Smart money backed the deal.
A law raising import tariffs.
Example: The act affected trade.
To bring goods illegally.
Example: He smuggled goods.
Brought in illegally.
Example: The items were smuggled.
Illegal transport of goods.
Example: The case involved smuggling.
Agreement between government and citizens.
Example: The theory is based on social contract.
A person invited without payment.
Example: The visitor was a social guest.
A person hosting guests.
Example: The social host faced liability.
Government-provided benefits.
Example: The program offered social insurance.
Government retirement benefits.
Example: She receives social security.
A law creating benefit programs.
Example: The act established social security.
Agency managing benefits.
Example: The SSA handled claims.
Relating to society.
Example: The issue was societal.
Groups of people.
Example: The societies evolved.
Organized community.
Example: Society depends on law.
To engage in prohibited sexual acts.
Example: He was accused of sodomizing.
Certain sexual acts historically criminalized.
Example: The charge was sodomy.
Items like textiles.
Example: The store sold soft goods.
Compensation for loss or suffering.
Example: The family received solatia.
Compensation for emotional harm.
Example: The award included solatium.
Transferred ownership.
Example: The house was sold.
Only or single.
Example: She was the sole owner.
One parent has full custody.
Example: The mother had sole custody.
A business owned by one person.
Example: He ran a sole proprietorship.
To request or seek.
Example: He solicited donations.
The act of requesting.
Example: The charge involved solicitation.
One who is asked.
Example: The solicitee declined.
A lawyer or legal officer.
Example: The solicitor advised the client.
A government lawyer representing the state.
Example: The solicitor general argued the case.
Multiple government lawyers.
Example: The solicitors general filed briefs.
Jointly responsible.
Example: They were liable solidarily.
Unity or shared responsibility.
Example: The group showed solidarity.
Jointly responsible.
Example: The obligation was solidary.
Shared responsibility for full amount.
Example: They had solidary liability.
A joint duty.
Example: The contract created a solidary obligation.
Ability to pay debts.
Example: The company’s solvency was questioned.
Able to pay debts.
Example: The business remained solvent.
A law preventing criminals from profiting from crimes.
Example: The book profits were limited by the Son of Sam law.
An experienced investor.
Example: The deal required a sophisticated investor.
Legally valid or reliable.
Example: The reasoning was sound.
In a valid way.
Example: The court ruled soundly.
Validity or reliability.
Example: The argument’s soundness mattered.
Origin of something.
Example: The source of law was identified.
Origin of legal authority.
Example: Statutes are a source of law.
A governing authority.
Example: The state is sovereign.
Government actions are not always liable.
Example: The defense used the sovereign acts doctrine.
Protection of government from lawsuits.
Example: The state claimed sovereign immunity.
Multiple governing authorities.
Example: The case involved sovereignties.
Supreme authority.
Example: The nation exercised sovereignty.
A leader in a legislative body.
Example: The Speaker addressed Congress.
Communicating.
Example: He was speaking in court.
Specification or detail.
Example: The contract followed spec.
Specified details.
Example: The project was specced.
Creating specifications.
Example: They are speccing the design.
Unique or specific.
Example: The court had special jurisdiction.
A law for a specific case.
Example: The legislature passed a special act.
A person managing an estate temporarily.
Example: The court appointed a special administrator.
Authority limited to specific acts.
Example: The agent had special agency powers.
An agent with limited authority.
Example: The special agent handled the case.
Appearing in court to challenge jurisdiction.
Example: The defendant made a special appearance.
A charge for local improvements.
Example: Property owners paid a special assessment.
A specific advantage gained.
Example: The land received a special benefit.
A contract with specific terms.
Example: The parties entered a special contract.
A lawyer appointed for a specific task.
Example: The investigation used a special counsel.
A military court for intermediate offenses.
Example: The case was heard in a special court-martial.
Specific monetary losses.
Example: She claimed special damages.
An objection pointing out defects in a pleading.
Example: The lawyer filed a special demurrer.
Money held for a specific purpose.
Example: The funds were a special deposit.
A government unit for a specific function.
Example: The area was part of a special district.
A rule limiting government liability.
Example: The claim failed under the special duty doctrine.
A worker hired for a specific task.
Example: He was a special employee.
An employer with limited control over a worker.
Example: The company was a special employer.
A signature transferring a negotiable instrument.
Example: The check had a special endorsement.
Permission for a non-standard use.
Example: The zoning board granted a special exception.
Duty to disclose certain information.
Example: The case involved the special facts doctrine.
A specific determination by a jury.
Example: The jury issued a special finding.
A jury investigating specific issues.
Example: The case used a special grand jury.
A guaranty limited to a specific transaction.
Example: The agreement was a special guaranty.
Liability for risks related to employment travel.
Example: The injury fell under the special hazard rule.
A written question to a jury.
Example: The court submitted a special interrogatory.
A judge appointed temporarily.
Example: A special judge heard the case.
A jury selected for expertise.
Example: The case used a special jury.
A law applying to a specific case.
Example: The legislature passed a special law.
A lien for a specific purpose.
Example: The creditor held a special lien.
A person appointed to assist a court.
Example: The judge appointed a special master.
A meeting for a specific purpose.
Example: The board held a special meeting.
An exception to liability rules.
Example: The case involved the special mission exception.
A mortgage for a specific purpose.
Example: The loan was a special mortgage.
Authorization for a specific use.
Example: The builder obtained a special permit.
Limited authority granted.
Example: The agent had special power.
Authority to distribute property to specific people.
Example: The trust included a special power of appointment.
Authority for specific acts.
Example: She granted a special power of attorney.
A legal action outside normal trials.
Example: The matter was a special proceeding.
A lawyer appointed for a specific case.
Example: The investigation used a special prosecutor.
A legislative meeting outside normal schedule.
Example: The governor called a special session.
A tax for a specific purpose.
Example: The project was funded by a special tax.
Permission for a specific land use.
Example: The business obtained a special use permit.
Valuing property based on its use.
Example: The farm qualified for special use valuation.
A jury’s findings on specific facts.
Example: The jury returned a special verdict.
A deed guaranteeing limited ownership rights.
Example: The buyer received a special warranty deed.
In a specific way.
Example: The rule applied specially.
Areas of expertise.
Example: The lawyer had several specialties.
A field of expertise.
Example: Corporate law was her specialty.
Money in coins.
Example: Payment was made in specie.
Clearly defined.
Example: The terms were specific.
A gift of a particular item in a will.
Example: The ring was a specific bequest.
A direct rejection of a claim.
Example: The defendant issued a specific denial.
A gift of specific real property.
Example: The house was a specific devise.
Intent to achieve a particular result.
Example: The crime required specific intent.
Court authority over a case due to actions in the area.
Example: The court had specific jurisdiction.
A gift of a particular item.
Example: The will included a specific legacy.
A lien tied to particular property.
Example: The creditor had a specific lien.
Court order requiring contract fulfillment.
Example: She sought specific performance.
In a precise way.
Example: The law applies specifically.
Detailed description.
Example: The contract included specifications.
Precision in detail.
Example: The complaint lacked specificity.
Specifications.
Example: The project followed specs.
To guess or invest with risk.
Example: Investors speculate on stocks.
Guessed or invested.
Example: He speculated on prices.
Guessing or investing.
Example: They are speculating.
Risky investment or guessing.
Example: The deal involved speculation.
Involving risk or uncertainty.
Example: The investment was speculative.
Risk with potential gain or loss.
Example: The venture involved speculative risk.
In a risky way.
Example: He invested speculatively.
A person who takes financial risks.
Example: The speculator bought shares.
Short for specified.
Example: The item was spec’d.
Expression of ideas.
Example: The case involved free speech.
Protection for legislative speech.
Example: The senator cited the speech or debate clause.
The right to a quick trial.
Example: He demanded a speedy trial.
Government authority to spend money.
Example: Congress used its spending power.
A person who spends excessively.
Example: He was a spendthrift.
A trust protecting assets from misuse.
Example: The estate created a spendthrift trust.
A rule deferring to arbitration decisions.
Example: The board applied the Spielberg Doctrine.
A new company created from an existing one.
Example: The division became a spin-off.
To divide.
Example: The company split its shares.
A gift shared between spouses.
Example: The couple made a split gift.
A sentence combining jail and probation.
Example: The judge imposed a split sentence.
A financial plan funded in parts.
Example: The policy used a split-funded plan.
A corporate restructuring.
Example: The firm completed a split-off.
Division of a business.
Example: The company announced a split-up.
Dividing claims or actions.
Example: The court prohibited claim splitting.
Destruction of evidence.
Example: The case involved spoliation.
One who destroys evidence.
Example: The spoliator faced sanctions.
To support or introduce.
Example: She sponsored the bill.
Support or backing.
Example: The project gained sponsorship.
A statement made without reflection.
Example: The court admitted a spontaneous declaration.
An excited statement.
Example: The statement qualified as a spontaneous exclamation.
A statement made under stress.
Example: The evidence was a spontaneous utterance.
Zoning benefiting a specific property.
Example: The ordinance was challenged as spot zoning.
The right to refuse to testify against one's spouse or disclose marital communications.
She invoked spousal privilege and declined to testify about her husband's statements.
To scatter or disperse.
Example: The substance was sprayed.
To distribute or extend.
Example: The risk spread across assets.
Authority activated by an event.
Example: The document was a springing power of attorney.
A future interest activated by condition.
Example: The gift created a springing use.
To distribute unevenly.
Example: The trust allows sprinkling income.
Distributed unevenly.
Example: The funds were sprinkled.
Uneven distribution.
Example: The trust used sprinkling.
Fair or even.
Example: The deal was square.
Directly.
Example: The issue fell squarely within the law.
One occupying land without permission.
Example: The squatter claimed rights.
Forcing minority shareholders to sell.
Example: The merger caused a squeezeout.
An abbreviation in legal documents.
Example: The document included ss.
Supplemental Security Income.
Example: She received SSI benefits.
An interest or share.
Example: He had a stake in the outcome.
A person with an interest in a matter.
Example: The stakeholder held funds.
Too old to be valid.
Example: The claim was stale.
To follow or harass repeatedly.
Example: He was accused of stalking the victim.
A person who follows or harasses.
Example: The stalker was arrested.
Repeated harassment or following.
Example: She filed charges for stalking.
A mark or to mark officially.
Example: The document bore a stamp.
A tax on documents.
Example: The transfer required a stamp tax.
To take a position or place.
Example: The witness took the stand.
To evaluate or judge.
Example: The court will stand in judgment.
To assume another’s legal position.
Example: The heir stood in the shoes of the decedent.
To refuse to plead.
Example: The defendant chose to stand mute.
To rely on.
Example: He stood on his rights.
A rule or measure.
Example: The court applied a standard.
A fixed tax deduction.
Example: She claimed the standard deduction.
A clause protecting lenders.
Example: The policy included a standard mortgage clause.
Level of caution required.
Example: The doctor breached the standard of care.
Level of evidence required.
Example: The case required proof beyond a reasonable doubt.
A case breaking up monopolies.
Example: The ruling enforced antitrust laws.
A clause addressing multiple insurance policies.
Example: The policy included a standard other insurance clause.
A guarantee of payment.
Example: The bank issued a standby letter of credit.
The right to bring a lawsuit.
Example: The plaintiff lacked standing.
A permanent legislative group.
Example: The bill went to a standing committee.
An agreement to pause actions.
Example: The parties signed a standstill agreement.
A secret or unfair court.
Example: Critics called it a star chamber.
Following precedent.
Example: The court applied stare decisis.
Short for statute.
Example: The law was cited as Stat.
A government entity.
Example: The state filed charges.
Actions by government entities.
Example: The claim required state action.
A bank chartered by a state.
Example: The loan came from a state bank.
A court under state law.
Example: The case was heard in state court.
A group supporting state courts.
Example: The institute funded research.
Law made by a state.
Example: The issue involved state law.
A hearsay exception for mental state.
Example: The evidence fell under the state of mind exception.
A prison run by a state.
Example: He was sent to state prison.
The value assigned to shares.
Example: The company reported stated capital.
Assigned value of stock.
Example: The shares had a stated value.
A declaration or report.
Example: He gave a statement.
A bankruptcy document listing finances.
Example: The debtor filed a statement of financial affairs.
A debtor’s plan for assets.
Example: The filing included a statement of intention.
Powers reserved to states.
Example: The debate involved states’ rights.
A government prosecutor.
Example: The state’s attorney argued the case.
Testimony supporting prosecution.
Example: He turned state’s evidence.
Legal position or condition.
Example: His status changed.
A minor committing non-criminal acts.
Example: The teen was a status offender.
An act illegal only for minors.
Example: Truancy is a status offense.
Current state of affairs.
Example: The court preserved the status quo.
The previous state.
Example: The ruling restored the status quo ante.
A written law.
Example: The statute governed the case.
Law created by legislation.
Example: The issue involved statute law.
Same as above
Example: The agreement failed under the statute of frauds.
Law requiring certain contracts in writing.
Example: The agreement failed under the statute of frauds.
Time limit to file a claim.
Example: The claim was barred by the statute of limitation.
Legal time limit for lawsuits.
Example: The statute of limitations expired.
Laws limiting property to religious groups.
Example: The transfer violated mortmain rules.
Absolute time limit on claims.
Example: The case was barred by statute of repose.
By statute.
Example: The rule was statutorily required.
Created by law.
Example: The right was statutory.
A worker treated as employee by law.
Example: He qualified as a statutory employee.
An entity treated as employer by law.
Example: The company was a statutory employer.
Foreclosure under statute.
Example: The property went through statutory foreclosure.
A guardian appointed by law.
Example: The court named a statutory guardian.
Law enacted by legislature.
Example: The case involved statutory law.
A lien created by law.
Example: The creditor held a statutory lien.
A merger defined by statute.
Example: The companies completed a statutory merger.
A clause extending insurance coverage.
Example: The policy included an omnibus clause.
Sexual activity with a minor.
Example: He was charged with statutory rape.
A law limiting long-term property control.
Example: The trust violated the statutory rule.
A pause in legal proceedings.
Example: The court issued a stay.
Paused.
Example: The case was stayed.
Pausing.
Example: The judge is staying the case.
To take unlawfully.
Example: He stole property.
Taking unlawfully.
Example: The charge involved stealing.
To direct.
Example: The agent steered clients.
Directing in a certain way.
Example: The case involved discriminatory steering.
A group guiding decisions.
Example: The project had a steering committee.
Treating multiple steps as one deal.
Example: The IRS applied the step transaction doctrine.
Increased asset value for tax purposes.
Example: The heirs received a stepped-up basis.
To let something stand.
Example: The court marked the motion “stet.”
A person managing affairs.
Example: He acted as a steward.
A law enforcement trap.
Example: Police conducted a sting.
To agree to facts.
Example: The parties stipulated to facts.
Agreed upon.
Example: The terms were stipulated.
Authority agreed upon by parties.
Example: The agent had stipulated authority.
Pre-agreed damages.
Example: The contract included stipulated damages.
Agreeing.
Example: They are stipulating facts.
An agreement between parties.
Example: The case included a stipulation.
A contract benefiting a third party.
Example: The agreement was a stipulation pour autrui.
One who makes a stipulation.
Example: The stipulator agreed to terms.
Dividing inheritance by family branch.
Example: The estate was divided stirpitally.
Shares in a company.
Example: He owned stock.
Right to gain from stock value increase.
Example: She received stock appreciation rights.
A plan giving employees stock.
Example: The company offered a stock bonus plan.
A market for trading stocks.
Example: Shares were traded on the stock exchange.
Goods used in business.
Example: The inventory was stock in trade.
A measure of stock performance.
Example: The stock index rose.
Illegal influence on stock prices.
Example: The trader was accused of stock manipulation.
A place where stocks are traded.
Example: The stock market fluctuated.
Right to buy stock at a set price.
Example: She exercised her stock option.
A plan offering stock options.
Example: Employees joined the stock option plan.
A document transferring stock ownership.
Example: He signed a stock power.
Division of shares into more units.
Example: The company announced a stock split.
A person owning shares.
Example: The stockholder voted.
The registered owner of shares.
Example: The stockholder of record received notice.
Ownership of stock.
Example: His stockholding increased.
Took unlawfully.
Example: He stole the property.
Taken unlawfully.
Example: The items were stolen.
Past tense of stand.
Example: He stood in court.
To halt or prevent.
Example: The court issued a stop order.
A law allowing brief police searches.
Example: The officer relied on a stop and frisk statute.
An order to halt action.
Example: The court issued a stop order.
An order to cancel a payment.
Example: She placed a stop payment on the check.
Right to stop goods in transit.
Example: The seller exercised stoppage in transitu.
Halted.
Example: The action was stopped.
Halting.
Example: They are stopping the process.
A financial strategy involving options.
Example: The investor used a straddle.
A non-transferable shipping document.
Example: The goods shipped under a straight bill of lading.
A fixed insurance deductible.
Example: The policy had a straight deductible.
Payments lasting a lifetime.
Example: She chose a straight life annuity.
Insurance lasting a lifetime.
Example: The policy was straight life insurance.
Voting for one party only.
Example: He used straight voting.
Evenly distributed.
Example: The cost was spread straight-line.
Equal depreciation over time.
Example: The asset used straight-line depreciation.
A person with no legal connection.
Example: The buyer was a stranger to the contract.
A person used to hide true ownership.
Example: The deal used a straw man.
Holding securities through a broker.
Example: The shares were in street name.
Extended payment plan.
Example: The debtor requested a stretch-out.
Removed or deleted.
Example: The statement was stricken.
Exact or rigid.
Example: The rule was strict.
A claim to resolve competing interests.
Example: The court accepted a strict bill of interpleader.
Interpreting laws narrowly.
Example: The judge applied strict construction.
Foreclosure without sale.
Example: The lender pursued strict foreclosure.
Liability without fault.
Example: The case involved strict liability.
The highest level of judicial review.
Example: The law failed strict scrutiny.
Strictly interpreted.
Example: The rule was stricti juris.
Most strictly interpreted.
Example: The obligation was strictissimi juris.
In a rigid way.
Example: The law was strictly applied.
A work stoppage or to remove.
Example: Workers went on strike.
To declare a law invalid.
Example: The court struck down the statute.
Money to support striking workers.
Example: The union used a strike fund.
A lawsuit meant to pressure settlement.
Example: The claim was called a strike suit.
A person who works during a strike.
Example: The union opposed strikebreakers.
Removing or hitting.
Example: The judge is striking the claim.
A type of bond security.
Example: Investors bought STRIPs.
To remove.
Example: The law stripped rights.
A search requiring removal of clothing.
Example: The officer conducted a strip search.
Same as strip search.
Example: The case involved a strip-search.
Removed.
Example: The assets were stripped.
Removing.
Example: The company is stripping assets.
Separate trading of bond interest.
Example: The bonds were sold as STRIPs.
A distinctive trademark.
Example: The logo was a strong mark.
Past tense of strike.
Example: The court struck the claim.
A jury selected by eliminating names.
Example: The case used a struck jury.
On the court’s own motion.
Example: The judge acted sua sponte.
Able to be sued.
Example: The entity was suable.
Under judicial consideration.
Example: The issue was sub judice.
Under the name of.
Example: The case appeared sub nom.
Under the name.
Example: It was listed sub nomine.
Without explicit mention.
Example: The issue was decided sub silentio.
Under or below.
Example: The term begins with sub-.
An agent working under another agent.
Example: The broker used a subagent.
A division within a statute.
Example: The rule appears in a subchapter.
Tax rules for certain corporations.
Example: The business elected Subchapter S.
A corporation taxed like a partnership.
Example: The company became a Subchapter S corporation.
A smaller group within a committee.
Example: The issue went to a subcommittee.
A contract under a main contract.
Example: The firm signed a subcontract.
One hired under a main contract.
Example: The subcontractor completed the work.
To divide land.
Example: The owner subdivided the property.
A divided piece of land.
Example: The land became a subdivision.
A matter or under authority.
Example: The case was subject to law.
Authority over a type of case.
Example: The court lacked subject matter jurisdiction.
Leasing property to another tenant.
Example: She signed a sublease.
A person renting from a tenant.
Example: The sublessee paid rent.
A tenant renting to another.
Example: The sublessor managed the lease.
To rent property to another.
Example: He sublet the apartment.
Renting property to another.
Example: The lease allowed subletting.
A license granted under another license.
Example: The company issued a sublicense.
A limit within a larger limit.
Example: The policy had a sublimit.
Able to be presented to a jury.
Example: The claim was submissible.
The act of presenting.
Example: The case went to submission.
To present for consideration.
Example: She submitted evidence.
Presented.
Example: The documents were submitted.
Presenting.
Example: He is submitting a motion.
Lower in rank or to rank below.
Example: The lien was subordinate.
Placed lower in priority.
Example: The claim was subordinated.
Ranking lower.
Example: The agreement is subordinating rights.
Lower ranking.
Example: The loan involved subordination.
Agreement changing priority of claims.
Example: The parties signed a subordination agreement.
To induce unlawful action.
Example: He was accused of suborning perjury.
Inducing unlawful action.
Example: The charge involved subornation.
One who induces wrongdoing.
Example: The suborner was prosecuted.
Another term for subpoena.
Example: The court issued a subpena.
An order to appear or produce evidence.
Example: She received a subpoena.
Order to testify.
Example: The witness received a subpoena ad testificandum.
Order to produce documents.
Example: The company received a subpoena duces tecum.
Ordered to appear.
Example: He was subpoenaed.
Issuing an order.
Example: The lawyer is subpoenaing records.
High-risk lending.
Example: The loan was subprime.
To substitute one party for another.
Example: The insurer subrogated the claim.
Substituted.
Example: The insurer was subrogated.
Substituting.
Example: The company is subrogating rights.
Substitution of one party’s rights.
Example: The case involved subrogation.
The party gaining rights.
Example: The insurer was the subrogee.
The party whose rights are transferred.
Example: The insured was the subrogor.
To agree to or sign.
Example: She subscribed to the agreement.
Agreed or signed.
Example: He subscribed to the terms.
A person who signs or agrees.
Example: The subscriber accepted the contract.
Signing or agreeing.
Example: She is subscribing to the document.
An agreement or payment to receive something.
Example: He paid a subscription fee.
Occurring after.
Example: The subsequent event changed the outcome.
Companies controlled by another.
Example: The corporation owned several subsidiaries.
A company controlled by another.
Example: The firm operated as a subsidiary.
The essential meaning.
Example: The court focused on substance.
Below acceptable level.
Example: The work was substandard.
Significant or considerable.
Example: The damages were substantial.
A test for criminal responsibility.
Example: The defense used the substantial capacity test.
Close enough fulfillment of requirements.
Example: The court accepted substantial compliance.
Enough evidence to support a decision.
Example: The ruling was based on substantial evidence.
A key cause of harm.
Example: The act was a substantial factor.
Fair outcome.
Example: The court sought substantial justice.
Nearly complete fulfillment of a contract.
Example: The builder achieved substantial performance.
An important legal right.
Example: The appeal involved a substantial right.
Importance or significance.
Example: The issue lacked substantiality.
To a large extent.
Example: The terms were substantially met.
Relating to essential rights.
Example: The issue was substantive.
The main offense.
Example: The charge was a substantive crime.
Protection of fundamental rights.
Example: The claim relied on substantive due process.
Evidence proving a fact.
Example: The testimony was substantive evidence.
Law defining rights and duties.
Example: The case involved substantive law.
The actual crime committed.
Example: The defendant faced a substantive offense.
A fundamental legal right.
Example: The case affected a substantive right.
A rule defining rights.
Example: The statute created a substantive rule.
Unfair contract terms.
Example: The clause showed substantive unconscionability.
A gift replacing another.
Example: The will included a substitute gift.
A tax basis transferred from another asset.
Example: The property had a substituted basis.
A new contract replacing an old one.
Example: The parties agreed to a substituted contract.
Decision made on behalf of another.
Example: The court used substituted judgment.
Alternative method of delivering notice.
Example: The court allowed substituted service.
Replacement of one thing with another.
Example: The contract involved substitution.
Relating to substitution.
Example: The clause was substitutional.
A gift made if another fails.
Example: The will included a substitutional gift.
Acting as a substitute.
Example: The role was substitutionary.
A secondary guarantor.
Example: The subsurety backed the loan.
The role of a secondary guarantor.
Example: The agreement created subsuretyship.
Renting under a leaseholder.
Example: The arrangement was a subtenancy.
A person renting from a tenant.
Example: The subtenant paid rent.
Undermining authority.
Example: The act was subversion.
Undermining authority.
Example: The actions were subversionary.
Intended to overthrow authority.
Example: The group was labeled subversive.
In a disruptive way.
Example: He acted subversively.
The quality of undermining authority.
Example: The speech showed subversiveness.
To follow or achieve.
Example: She succeeded the prior owner.
Transfer of rights or property.
Example: The estate passed by succession.
Tax on inherited property.
Example: The heirs paid a succession tax.
Following in order.
Example: The claims were successive.
One of multiple parties causing harm.
Example: The case involved successive tortfeasors.
One after another.
Example: The cases were heard successively.
The quality of being sequential.
Example: The issue involved successiveness.
One who follows another.
Example: The successor took control.
A person inheriting rights.
Example: She was the successor in interest.
A rule excusing actions in emergencies.
Example: The driver relied on the sudden emergency doctrine.
Emotional disturbance affecting actions.
Example: The defense claimed sudden heat.
Intense emotion reducing culpability.
Example: The charge involved sudden heat of passion.
Intense emotional reaction.
Example: The defense argued sudden passion.
To bring a lawsuit.
Example: She decided to sue.
To obtain legal process.
Example: The lawyer sued out a writ.
Insurance clause requiring damage prevention.
Example: The policy included a sue-and-labor clause.
Filed a lawsuit.
Example: He sued the company.
Permission without formal agreement.
Example: The tenant stayed by sufferance.
Adequacy.
Example: The sufficiency of evidence was questioned.
Adequate.
Example: The proof was sufficient.
A valid reason.
Example: The motion required sufficient cause.
Adequately.
Example: The claim was sufficiently supported.
The right to vote.
Example: The law expanded suffrage.
To propose.
Example: He suggested a solution.
A proposal.
Example: The suggestion was accepted.
Leading or implying.
Example: The question was suggestive.
Unique or one of a kind.
Example: The case was sui generis.
Legally capable of managing one’s affairs.
Example: She was sui juris.
An insurance clause limiting coverage.
Example: The policy included a suicide clause.
Bringing a lawsuit.
Example: He is suing the company.
A legal action.
Example: She filed a suit.
A person bringing a case.
Example: The suitor appeared in court.
A fixed amount.
Example: The contract required a sum certain.
Without detailed procedure.
Example: The case was summarily dismissed.
Brief or without full procedure.
Example: The court issued a summary judgment.
A military court for minor offenses.
Example: The case went to summary court-martial.
Quick distribution of assets.
Example: The estate used summary distribution.
A decision without trial.
Example: The judge granted summary judgment.
A fast legal process.
Example: The eviction was a summary proceeding.
A simplified legal procedure.
Example: The case followed summary process.
Final argument in court.
Example: The lawyer gave a summation.
Judge’s summary to jury.
Example: The summing-up guided jurors.
To call to court.
Example: The court summoned the witness.
A notice to appear in court.
Example: He received a summons.
Called to court.
Example: She was summonsed.
Multiple court notices.
Example: The office issued summonses.
Calling to court.
Example: The clerk is summonsing parties.
Laws restricting business on Sundays.
Example: The store followed Sunday closing laws.
Expiration of a law.
Example: The statute will sunset next year.
Transparency in government.
Example: The law promotes sunshine.
Supreme Court.
Example: The case reached Sup Ct.
A program for cleaning hazardous waste.
Example: The site was cleaned under Superfund.
A person overseeing operations.
Example: The superintendent managed the facility.
Higher in rank or authority.
Example: The superior court had jurisdiction.
A higher-level trial court.
Example: The case was heard in superior court.
Greater awareness of facts.
Example: The seller had superior knowledge.
More than a simple majority.
Example: The law required a supermajority.
To replace or override.
Example: The new law supersedes the old one.
A writ suspending enforcement of a judgment.
Example: The court issued a supersedeas.
A bond to delay enforcement during appeal.
Example: He posted a supersedeas bond.
Replaced.
Example: The rule was superseded.
Replacing.
Example: The statute is superseding prior law.
An event breaking the chain of causation.
Example: The accident was a superseding cause.
To occur after.
Example: New facts supervened.
Occurred after.
Example: Events supervened the contract.
Occurring later.
Example: A supervening event changed the case.
An intervening cause affecting liability.
Example: The injury was due to a supervening cause.
A person overseeing work.
Example: The supervisor reviewed the case.
Relating to supervision.
Example: The role was supervisorial.
Involving oversight.
Example: The agency had supervisory authority.
Supplement.
Example: The citation included Supp.
Additional.
Example: The court allowed supplemental evidence.
Authority over related claims.
Example: The court exercised supplemental jurisdiction.
A pleading adding new facts.
Example: The lawyer filed a supplemental pleading.
Additional.
Example: The materials were supplementary.
A proceeding aiding enforcement of judgment.
Example: The creditor initiated a supplementary proceeding.
Financial aid or to back.
Example: The parent paid child support.
To exclude evidence.
Example: The court suppressed the statement.
Able to be excluded.
Example: The evidence was suppressible.
Exclusion of evidence.
Example: The case involved suppression.
A hearing to decide admissibility.
Example: The judge held a suppression hearing.
Above or earlier in text.
Example: The case was cited supra.
The Constitution’s rule that federal law prevails.
Example: The issue involved the supremacy clause.
The highest court.
Example: The case reached the Supreme Court.
A high appellate court.
Example: The appeal went to the Supreme Court of Appeals.
A high-level court.
Example: The case was heard there.
A state’s highest court.
Example: The ruling came from the Supreme Judicial Court.
Above or beyond.
Example: The term begins with sur-.
Additional charge or penalty.
Example: The trustee was surcharged.
People guaranteeing obligations.
Example: The loan required sureties.
A guarantor of obligation.
Example: He acted as a surety.
A bond guaranteeing performance.
Example: The contractor posted a surety bond.
A business providing guarantees.
Example: The surety company backed the bond.
The role of a guarantor.
Example: The agreement created suretyship.
Excess amount.
Example: The estate had a surplus.
Insurance for high-risk situations.
Example: The policy was a surplus line.
Unnecessary words.
Example: The clause was surplusage.
Unexpected event.
Example: The defense claimed surprise.
Evidence responding to rebuttal.
Example: The witness gave surrebuttal.
A reply to a rejoinder.
Example: The pleading included a surrejoinder.
To give up rights.
Example: He surrendered the lease.
Cash value of an insurance policy.
Example: The policy had a surrender value.
Arrangements involving surrogate mothers.
Example: The law regulates surrogacies.
Carrying a child for another.
Example: The case involved surrogacy.
A substitute or representative.
Example: The surrogate acted on behalf.
A woman carrying a child for others.
Example: The agreement involved a surrogate mother.
The practice of surrogacy.
Example: The law addressed surrogate motherhood.
A court handling estates.
Example: The case was filed in Surrogate’s Court.
Office managing estate matters.
Example: The documents were filed there.
An additional tax.
Example: The income faced a surtax.
A law allowing claims after death.
Example: The estate used the survival act.
A claim continuing after death.
Example: The lawsuit was a survival action.
Law preserving claims after death.
Example: The claim relied on a survival statute.
A person who outlives another.
Example: The survivor inherited property.
The right to inherit after death.
Example: The property passed by survivorship.
A person believed to be guilty.
Example: The suspect was questioned.
A group protected from discrimination.
Example: Race is a suspect class.
A classification requiring strict scrutiny.
Example: The law involved a suspect classification.
To temporarily stop.
Example: The court suspended the rule.
A delayed punishment.
Example: He received a suspended sentence.
Temporary halt.
Example: The license faced suspension.
A constitutional provision limiting habeas corpus suspension.
Example: The issue involved the suspension clause.
Delaying effect.
Example: The condition was suspensive.
A condition delaying obligations.
Example: The contract had a suspensive condition.
Belief of wrongdoing.
Example: The officer had suspicion.
Without suspicion.
Example: The search was suspicionless.
To uphold.
Example: The court sustained the objection.
Able to be maintained.
Example: The claim was sustainable.
A case on school desegregation.
Example: The ruling addressed busing.
Exchange of assets.
Example: The parties entered a swap.
To take an oath.
Example: He swore to tell the truth.
To formally administer an oath.
Example: The judge swore in the witness.
To obtain a warrant.
Example: The officer swore out a complaint.
Taking an oath.
Example: The ceremony involved swearing.
Past tense of swear.
Example: She swore under oath.
Bound by oath.
Example: He gave sworn testimony.
Transfer of property by symbol.
Example: The key was symbolic delivery.
Expression through actions.
Example: The protest was symbolic speech.
A strike supporting others.
Example: Workers joined a sympathy strike.
Involving mutual obligations.
Example: The contract was synallagmatic.
A contract with mutual duties.
Example: The agreement was synallagmatic.
An agent or representative.
Example: The syndic managed affairs.
A system advocating worker control.
Example: The theory involved syndicalism.
A group working together.
Example: The investors formed a syndicate.
Shared among multiple parties.
Example: The loan was syndicated.
Forming a group.
Example: Banks are syndicating the loan.
The act of forming a group.
Example: The deal involved syndication.
One organizing a group.
Example: The syndicator arranged financing.
Risk affecting an entire system.
Example: The crisis created systemic risk.
Treasury note.
Example: He invested in T-notes.
Understood without being stated.
Example: They had a tacit agreement.
In an implied way.
Example: He tacitly agreed.
To add or combine claims.
Example: The plaintiff tacked claims together.
A law regulating labor unions.
Example: The strike was limited by the Taft-Hartley Act.
A union-related benefit fund.
Example: Workers received benefits from a Taft-Hartley fund.
A limitation on inheritance.
Example: The estate was held in tail.
To contaminate or invalidate.
Example: The evidence was tainted.
A hearing to determine if evidence is compromised.
Example: The judge ordered a taint hearing.
To obtain or seize.
Example: The state took the property.
To refuse to testify to avoid self-incrimination.
Example: He chose to take the Fifth.
To begin or accept.
Example: She took up the case.
Seized or obtained.
Example: The land was taken.
Acquisition of a company.
Example: The firm faced a takeover.
A person receiving property.
Example: The taker accepted the gift.
Government seizure of property.
Example: The case involved a taking.
A constitutional rule requiring compensation for seized property.
Example: The claim relied on the takings clause.
Additional jurors summoned.
Example: The court called tales.
A substitute juror.
Example: A talesman was selected.
Multiple substitute jurors.
Example: The court used talesmen.
To interfere improperly.
Example: He was accused of tampering with evidence.
Physical or touchable.
Example: The item was tangible.
A physical asset.
Example: The company owned tangible assets.
Physical property.
Example: The dispute involved tangible property.
A focus or to aim at.
Example: The law targeted fraud.
The intended crime.
Example: The charge involved a target offense.
A tax on imports or exports.
Example: The goods were subject to a tariff.
A government charge.
Example: The income was taxed.
A short-term government loan.
Example: The city issued a tax anticipation note.
The amount subject to tax.
Example: The tax base increased.
A rule affecting tax deductions.
Example: The case applied the tax benefit rule.
Proof of tax payment or claim.
Example: The buyer received a tax certificate.
A court handling tax disputes.
Example: The case went to tax court.
A reduction in tax owed.
Example: She claimed a tax credit.
A deed from a tax sale.
Example: The property was transferred by tax deed.
Illegal avoidance of taxes.
Example: He was charged with tax evasion.
Moving operations to reduce taxes.
Example: The company attempted a tax inversion.
A claim for unpaid taxes.
Example: The property had a tax lien.
Income receiving special tax treatment.
Example: The return listed a tax preference item.
A law changing tax rules.
Example: The act adjusted tax rates.
A law modifying tax regulations.
Example: The act reformed deductions.
A major overhaul of tax law.
Example: The act simplified the tax code.
A report of income for taxes.
Example: She filed a tax return.
A list of taxable property.
Example: The property was on the tax roll.
Sale of property for unpaid taxes.
Example: The home was sold at a tax sale.
Proof of purchase at tax sale.
Example: He received a tax sale certificate.
A method to reduce taxes.
Example: The investment acted as a tax shelter.
Proof of tax payment.
Example: The product required a tax stamp.
Ownership from tax sale.
Example: The buyer held tax title.
A deductible expense.
Example: The cost was a tax write-off.
The period for tax calculation.
Example: The tax year ended in April.
Taxes delayed until later.
Example: The account was tax-deferred.
Not subject to tax.
Example: The organization was tax-exempt.
Not taxed.
Example: The income was tax-free.
The state of being taxable.
Example: The taxability was disputed.
Subject to tax.
Example: The income was taxable.
A distribution subject to tax.
Example: The payment was a taxable distribution.
Estate subject to taxes.
Example: The taxable estate was calculated.
Income subject to tax.
Example: She reported taxable income.
A transfer subject to tax.
Example: The trust involved a taxable termination.
The period for tax reporting.
Example: The taxable year ended in December.
The system of collecting taxes.
Example: The policy changed taxation.
One who assesses taxes.
Example: The taxer reviewed the amount.
Government authority to tax.
Example: Congress used its taxing power.
A person who pays taxes.
Example: The taxpayer filed a return.
Paying taxes.
Example: The taxpaying public responded.
Short-term spousal support.
Example: The court granted temporary alimony.
Short-term custody arrangement.
Example: The parent received temporary custody.
A short-term court order.
Example: The judge issued a temporary injunction.
An emergency court order.
Example: She obtained a temporary restraining order.
Multiple property arrangements.
Example: The law governs tenancies.
Possession of property.
Example: The lease created a tenancy.
Occupying property without permission after lease ends.
Example: The tenant remained at sufferance.
A tenancy without fixed term.
Example: The agreement created a tenancy at will.
Joint ownership by spouses.
Example: The couple held the property this way.
A lease for a fixed period.
Example: The lease was a tenancy for years.
Shared ownership without survivorship.
Example: They owned the land as tenants in common.
Property owned by a partnership.
Example: The asset was held in partnership.
A person renting property.
Example: The tenant paid rent.
Same as tenancy by the entirety.
Example: They were tenants by the entirety.
A co-owner without survivorship rights.
Example: She was a tenant in common.
To offer payment.
Example: He tendered the amount owed.
Offer to deliver goods.
Example: The seller made a tender of delivery.
An offer to buy shares.
Example: The company made a tender offer.
Preference for mothers in custody cases
Example: The rule applied the tender years exception.
Property or building.
Example: The dispute involved a tenement.
A case limiting police use of deadly force.
Example: The ruling restricted shootings.
A calculated minimum tax amount.
Example: The return included tentative minimum tax.
A revocable trust created informally.
Example: The account was a tentative trust.
Permanent employment status.
Example: The professor received tenure.
Relating to land holding.
Example: The system was tenurial.
In terms of land tenure.
Example: The land was held tenurially.
A condition or period.
Example: The contract had specific terms.
Insurance for a set period.
Example: He purchased term insurance.
Life insurance for a fixed time.
Example: The policy was term life insurance.
A loan with a fixed repayment schedule.
Example: The company secured a term loan.
A word with a specific legal meaning.
Example: “Consideration” is a term of art.
Able to be ended.
Example: The lease was terminable.
An interest that will end.
Example: The trust included a terminable interest.
To end.
Example: The contract was terminated.
Ended.
Example: The agreement was terminated.
Ending.
Example: The company is terminating the deal.
The act of ending.
Example: The contract involved termination.
A person holding land.
Example: The terre tenant was responsible for taxes.
Relating to territory.
Example: The dispute was territorial.
Authority based on location.
Example: The court had territorial jurisdiction.
Waters under a nation’s control.
Example: The ship entered territorial waters.
The concept of jurisdiction by location.
Example: The law relied on territoriality.
By geographic area.
Example: The law applies territorially.
Areas under jurisdiction.
Example: The law applied to territories.
A geographic area.
Example: The state controlled the territory.
Extreme fear or violence.
Example: The act caused terror.
Use of violence for political purposes.
Example: He was charged with terrorism.
A person committing terrorism.
Example: The terrorist was arrested.
Relating to terrorism.
Example: The threat was terroristic.
Causing extreme fear.
Example: The crime involved terrorization.
To cause fear.
Example: He terrorized the victims.
Caused fear.
Example: The group was terrorized.
Causing fear.
Example: He was terrorizing others.
A brief police stop based on suspicion.
Example: The officer conducted a Terry stop.
A case used to test a legal issue.
Example: The lawsuit was a test action.
A case used to set precedent.
Example: The lawsuit became a test case.
States of having a will.
Example: The estates involved testacies.
The condition of leaving a will.
Example: The estate was in testacy.
A legal will.
Example: The testament outlined wishes.
Relating to a will.
Example: The gift was testamentary.
Ability to make a valid will.
Example: The court questioned testamentary capacity.
A gift made in a will.
Example: The estate included a testamentary gift.
A guardian named in a will.
Example: The will appointed a testamentary guardian.
A person receiving property under a will.
Example: She was a testamentary heir.
Authority to distribute property by will.
Example: The trust gave testamentary power of appointment.
A trust created by a will.
Example: The will formed a testamentary trust.
Having a valid will.
Example: He died testate.
Distribution under a will.
Example: The estate followed testate succession.
The act of making a will.
Example: The document showed testation.
A person who makes a will.
Example: The testator signed the document.
Female testators
Example: The records listed testatrices.
A female testator.
Example: She was the testatrix.
A clause naming authority issuing a writ.
Example: The writ included a teste.
Gave evidence under oath.
Example: He testified in court.
A person who gives testimony.
Example: The testifier answered questions.
To give evidence under oath.
Example: She agreed to testify.
Giving evidence.
Example: He is testifying now.
Relating to testimony.
Example: The evidence was testimonial.
Evidence given by witnesses.
Example: The case relied on testimonial evidence.
By testimony.
Example: The fact was proven testimonially.
Multiple witness statements.
Example: The testimonies were consistent.
A clause confirming execution of a document.
Example: The contract included a testimonium clause.
Evidence given under oath.
Example: The testimony was credible.
Taking property unlawfully.
Example: He was charged with theft.
A doctrine allowing federal courts to defer to state courts.
Example: The judge applied Thibodaux abstention.
Alternate spelling of same doctrine.
Example: The court referenced Thibodeaux abstention.
A person who steals.
Example: The thief was arrested.
Multiple people who steal.
Example: The thieves were caught.
Intense questioning.
Example: The suspect was given the third degree.
Someone not directly involved.
Example: A third party joined the case.
A person holding property subject to a claim.
Example: The buyer was a third possessor.
Of a certain level.
Example: The charge was third-degree.
A killing without intent to kill.
Example: He was convicted of third-degree murder.
A person benefiting from a contract.
Example: She was a third-party beneficiary.
A claim involving another party.
Example: The case included a third-party claim.
A pleading against a third party.
Example: The defendant filed a third-party complaint.
A person brought into a case by defendant.
Example: The contractor was a third-party defendant.
A defendant asserting a claim against another.
Example: He became a third-party plaintiff.
Procedure involving additional parties.
Example: The case used third-party practice.
A holder of records for others.
Example: The bank was a third-party recordkeeper.
Ability to assert another’s rights.
Example: The court denied third-party standing.
A statement of intent to harm.
Example: The message was a threat.
A minimum level.
Example: The claim met the threshold.
Saving money.
Example: The policy encouraged thrift.
A bank deposit for a fixed period.
Example: The funds were in a time deposit.
A payment due at a future date.
Example: The buyer accepted a time draft.
Time beyond memory.
Example: The right existed since time immemorial.
A note payable at a future date.
Example: The loan was a time note.
Insurance for a fixed period.
Example: The contract was a time policy.
Limits on speech based on context.
Example: The law imposed time, place, or manner restrictions.
Not allowed due to time limits.
Example: The claim was time-barred.
Being on time.
Example: The court considered timeliness.
Done on time.
Example: The filing was timely.
Shared property ownership for specific times.
Example: The condo was a timeshare.
Taxpayer Identification Number.
Example: The form required a TIN.
Information or to inform.
Example: The tip led to an arrest.
Informed or revealed.
Example: He tipped the authorities.
A person receiving inside information.
Example: The tippee traded stocks.
A person giving inside information.
Example: The tipper was investigated.
Sharing inside information.
Example: The case involved tipping.
A person who provides information.
Example: The tipster contacted police.
Title.
Example: The statute was cited as Tit.
Legal ownership.
Example: He held title to the land.
Insurance protecting property ownership.
Example: She purchased title insurance.
Examination of ownership records.
Example: The lawyer conducted a title search.
Payable to a specified person.
Example: The check was made to order.
To pause a time limit.
Example: The statute was tolled.
Past tense of take.
Example: The state took the property.
A land registration system.
Example: The property used the Torrens system.
A civil wrong.
Example: The case involved a tort.
Changes to civil liability laws.
Example: The state enacted tort reform.
A person committing a tort.
Example: The tortfeasor was liable.
Relating to a tort.
Example: The act was tortious.
In a wrongful way.
Example: He acted tortiously.
A complete failure to perform a contract.
Example: The defendant committed a total breach.
Inability to work.
Example: The policy covered total disability.
Applying all Bill of Rights to states.
Example: The theory supports total incorporation.
Complete destruction of property.
Example: The fire caused a total loss.
A revocable bank account trust.
Example: The account was a Totten trust.
A local government official.
Example: The town clerk recorded documents.
A lawyer for a town.
Example: The town counsel advised officials.
Harmful or poisonous.
Example: The substance was toxic.
A claim for harm from toxic substances.
Example: The case involved a toxic tort.
Able to be exchanged.
Example: The asset was tradable.
Exchange of goods or services.
Example: The companies engaged in trade.
A financial instrument promising payment.
Example: The buyer issued a trade acceptance.
The visual appearance of a product.
Example: The company protected its trade dress.
False statements harming a business.
Example: The firm sued for trade libel.
A business name.
Example: The company used a trade name.
Confidential business information.
Example: The formula was a trade secret.
An organization of workers.
Example: The trade union negotiated wages.
Custom practices in a field.
Example: The contract followed trade usage.
Able to be traded.
Example: The stock was tradeable.
Exchanged.
Example: The shares were traded.
A symbol identifying goods.
Example: The logo was a trademark.
A law governing trademarks.
Example: The case relied on the Trademark Act.
A person who buys and sells.
Example: The trader invested heavily.
Exchanges or occupations.
Example: The trades were regulated.
Buying and selling.
Example: The firm engaged in trading.
A partnership engaged in business.
Example: They formed a trading partnership.
A long-standing practice.
Example: The rule followed tradition.
Movement or illegal trade.
Example: The case involved drug traffic.
A court for traffic violations.
Example: He appeared in traffic court.
Engaged in illegal trade.
Example: The goods were trafficked.
A person engaged in illegal trade.
Example: The trafficker was arrested.
Illegal trade activity.
Example: The charge involved trafficking.
A portion of a financial deal.
Example: The loan was issued in tranches.
To conduct business.
Example: The parties transacted online.
A business deal.
Example: The transaction was completed.
Protection from prosecution for certain acts.
Example: The witness received transactional immunity.
To move ownership.
Example: The property was transferred.
A person handling ownership records.
Example: The company used a transfer agent.
Tax on property transfer.
Example: The sale required a transfer tax.
Ability to be transferred.
Example: The asset had transferability.
Able to be transferred.
Example: The rights were transferable.
One who receives property.
Example: The transferee accepted the asset.
The act of transferring.
Example: The transference was valid.
One who transfers property.
Example: The transferor signed the deed.
Alternate spelling of transferable.
Example: The license was transferrable.
The act of transferring.
Example: The transferral was complete.
Moved ownership.
Example: The funds were transferred.
Intent applied to unintended victim.
Example: The doctrine of transferred intent applied.
Moving ownership.
Example: She is transferring assets.
To violate a rule.
Example: He transgressed the law.
A case not tied to location.
Example: The claim was a transitory action.
Transferring ownership.
Example: The act was translative.
Passing of rights or property.
Example: The transmission was automatic.
To send or transfer.
Example: The signal was transmitted.
Able to be sent.
Example: The data was transmittable.
The act of sending.
Example: The letter confirmed transmittal.
Sent.
Example: The message was transmitted.
Sending.
Example: He is transmitting data.
Changing property form.
Example: The asset underwent transmutation.
To change form.
Example: The property was transmuted.
Changed form.
Example: The funds were transmuted.
Changing form.
Example: They are transmuting assets.
To deny allegations.
Example: The defendant traversed the claim.
Betrayal of one’s country.
Example: He was charged with treason.
Relating to treason.
Example: The act was treasonous.
Valuable property.
Example: The discovery was treasure.
Hidden valuables found.
Example: The coins were a treasure trove.
A financial officer.
Example: The treasurer managed funds.
The position of treasurer.
Example: He held the treasurership.
Government funds or bonds.
Example: Investors bought treasuries.
Government financial department.
Example: The treasury issued bonds.
Short-term government debt.
Example: He invested in Treasury bills.
Long-term government debt.
Example: The bond matured in 30 years.
Medium-term government debt.
Example: She purchased a Treasury note.
Government-issued investment.
Example: The fund held Treasury securities.
Company stock held by the company.
Example: The firm owned treasury shares.
Shares repurchased by a company.
Example: The company held treasury stock.
Agreements between nations.
Example: The treaties governed relations.
A formal agreement between countries.
Example: The nations signed a treaty.
Insurance covering multiple risks.
Example: The company used treaty reinsurance.
Triple the amount of damages.
Example: The law allowed treble damages.
Unlawful entry onto property.
Example: He was charged with trespass.
Lawful entry becoming unlawful.
Example: The act became trespass ab initio.
Wrongful taking of goods.
Example: The claim involved trespass de bonis asportatis.
A historical tort action.
Example: The claim was based on trespass on the case.
Breaking another’s land.
Example: The action was trespass quare clausum fregit.
A claim to determine ownership.
Example: The lawsuit was trespass to try title.
Trespass with force.
Example: The claim involved trespass vi et armis.
One who unlawfully enters property.
Example: The trespasser was removed.
Relating to trespass.
Example: The act was trespassory.
Able to be decided in court.
Example: The issue was triable.
A court proceeding.
Example: The trial began today.
A trial decided by jurors.
Example: He requested a trial by jury.
Historical method of determining guilt.
Example: The system used trial by ordeal.
A court of first instance.
Example: The case began in trial court.
A new trial.
Example: The appeal led to trial de novo.
A military prosecutor.
Example: The trial judge advocate presented the case.
A jury deciding facts.
Example: The trial jury returned a verdict.
A lawyer who handles trials.
Example: She worked as a trial lawyer.
A court of a Native American tribe.
Example: The case was heard in tribal court.
A court or judicial body.
Example: The case was heard by a tribunal.
Heard and decided in court.
Example: The case was tried last year.
A person who decides facts.
Example: The jury is the trier.
The person deciding facts in a case.
Example: The jury acted as the trier of fact.
Temporary restraining order.
Example: The court issued a TRO.
A lawsuit for recovery of personal property.
Example: The claim was in trover.
A grand jury indictment.
Example: The jury returned a true bill.
A lease not intended as security.
Example: The agreement was a true lease.
A serious threat not protected by speech laws.
Example: The statement was a true threat.
Actual worth.
Example: The property’s true value was assessed.
A legal arrangement holding property for another.
Example: The estate created a trust.
An account holding funds for others.
Example: The lawyer used a trust account.
A document creating a trust.
Example: They signed a trust agreement.
A company managing trusts.
Example: The trust company handled assets.
A person acting as trustee without authority.
Example: He became a trustee de son tort.
A document transferring property into trust.
Example: The property was conveyed by trust deed.
A trust arising from wrongdoing.
Example: The court imposed a trust ex delicto.
A trust created due to fraud.
Example: The case involved trust ex maleficio.
Funds held in trust.
Example: The child received a trust fund.
A rule protecting creditors of corporations.
Example: The court applied the trust fund doctrine.
A contract governing a bond issue.
Example: The bond was issued under a trust indenture.
The document creating a trust.
Example: The trust instrument outlined duties.
A financing document.
Example: The bank used a trust receipt.
A region governed under trust.
Example: The land was a trust territory.
Breaking monopolies.
Example: The policy promoted trust-busting.
A person breaking up monopolies.
Example: The regulator acted as a trustbuster.
A person managing a trust.
Example: The trustee handled funds.
A person managing bankrupt assets.
Example: The trustee in bankruptcy handled the estate.
A legal method to reach assets held by others.
Example: The creditor used trustee process.
Managed as trustee.
Example: The assets were trusteed.
Acting as trustee.
Example: She is trusteeing the fund.
A case protecting contracts.
Example: The ruling strengthened contract rights.
The position of trustee.
Example: He held trusteeship.
Prisoners given responsibilities.
Example: The trusties worked in the facility.
A person creating a trust.
Example: The trustor transferred assets.
Reliability.
Example: The witness showed trustworthiness.
Reliable.
Example: The source was trustworthy.
Reliable or a trusted prisoner.
Example: He was considered a trusty.
A federal requirement that lenders clearly disclose credit terms and costs to borrowers.
The bank's truth in lending statement showed the full cost of the mortgage.
A law requiring loan disclosure.
Example: The lender followed the Truth in Lending Act.
To examine in court.
Example: The court will try the case.
Examining in court.
Example: They are trying the defendant.
To change or transfer.
Example: The case took a turn.
A court order to transfer property.
Example: The judge issued a turnover order.
Illegal conduct barring claims.
Example: The defense relied on turpis causa.
Immoral behavior.
Example: The crime involved moral turpitude.
A legal guardian.
Example: The court appointed a tutor.
The role of a guardian.
Example: He assumed tutorship.
Female guardians
Example: The tutrices were appointed.
A female guardian.
Example: She served as tutrix.
Female guardians
Example: The tutrixes managed the estate.
Territorial sea boundary.
Example: The ship crossed the twelve-mile limit.
Misleading insurance sales practices.
Example: The agent was accused of twisting.
A rule about multiple grounds for decisions.
Example: The court applied the two issue rule.
Requirement of two witnesses for certain crimes.
Example: The case required the two witness rule.
Forcing purchase of one product with another.
Example: The practice involved illegal tying.
Uniform Commercial Code.
Example: The contract followed the U.C.C.
A federal immigration agency.
Example: The application went to USCIS.
A maritime law enforcement agency.
Example: The Coast Guard enforced regulations.
A border security agency.
Example: The case involved customs enforcement.
A federal agency protecting wildlife.
Example: The case involved the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
A federal agency handling trade disputes.
Example: The complaint was filed there.
A federal law enforcement agency.
Example: The U.S. Marshals Service executed the warrant.
A federal mail agency.
Example: The issue involved the U.S. Postal Service.
A body setting federal sentencing guidelines.
Example: The rules came from the U.S. Sentencing Commission.
United States Code.
Example: The statute is cited as U.S.C.
Utmost honesty in agreements.
Example: The deal relied on uberrima fides.
Utmost good faith.
Example: Insurance contracts require uberrimae fidei.
Uniform Consumer Credit Code.
Example: The loan complied with the UCCC.
Uniform Code of Military Justice.
Example: The soldier was tried under the UCMJ.
Uniform Deceptive Acts statute.
Example: The claim relied on UDA laws.
Uniform Fraudulent Conveyance Act.
Example: The transfer violated the UFCA.
Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act.
Example: The case applied the UFTA.
A key fact needed for a legal conclusion.
Example: The jury decided the ultimate fact.
Beyond legal authority.
Example: The act was ultra vires.
Extremely dangerous.
Example: The activity was ultrahazardous.
An activity with high risk of harm.
Example: Blasting is an ultrahazardous activity.
Additional insurance coverage.
Example: The policy included umbrella coverage.
A neutral decision-maker.
Example: The umpire resolved the dispute.
Not or opposite of.
Example: The term begins with un-.
Cannot be taken away.
Example: Rights are unalienable.
An accident without fault.
Example: The defense claimed unavoidable accident.
An unavoidable harmful event.
Example: The loss was due to unavoidable casualty.
A security without a physical certificate.
Example: The stock was uncertificated.
A doctrine denying relief for wrongdoing.
Example: The claim failed due to unclean hands.
Without conditions.
Example: The promise was unconditional.
Without limits.
Example: He agreed unconditionally.
Extreme unfairness.
Example: The contract showed unconscionability.
Shockingly unfair.
Example: The clause was unconscionable.
In an unfair way.
Example: The terms were unconscionably harsh.
Violating the Constitution.
Example: The law was unconstitutional.
A rule limiting government conditions on rights.
Example: The case involved the unconstitutional conditions doctrine.
The state of being unconstitutional.
Example: The court found unconstitutionality.
In violation of the Constitution.
Example: The policy acted unconstitutionally.
Without legal representation.
Example: The statement was uncounseled.
Taken into custody.
Example: He was under arrest.
Sworn to tell the truth.
Example: She testified under oath.
Subject to penalty.
Example: He was ordered under pain of fine.
Signed without official witness.
Example: The document was under private signature.
With objection.
Example: He paid under protest.
Formally executed.
Example: The contract was under seal.
Affected by substances.
Example: He was driving under the influence.
Lacking sufficient funds.
Example: The company was undercapitalized.
Not covering enough cases.
Example: The law was underinclusive.
Failure to include enough.
Example: The rule showed underinclusiveness.
Insufficient insurance coverage.
Example: The loss revealed underinsurance.
Having too little insurance.
Example: The driver was underinsured.
A provider of insufficient coverage.
Example: The underinsurer disputed the claim.
The person signing.
Example: The undersigned agreed.
A promise or obligation.
Example: The contract included an undertaking.
A subtenant.
Example: The undertenant paid rent.
Owing more than value.
Example: The loan was underwater.
To assume financial risk.
Example: The bank underwrote the loan.
One who assumes risk.
Example: The underwriter approved coverage.
The process of assuming risk.
Example: The deal required underwriting.
Backed financially.
Example: The bond was underwritten.
Past tense of underwrite.
Example: The firm underwrote the deal.
Not separated.
Example: The interest was undivided.
Earnings not distributed.
Example: The company held undivided profits.
Excessive or improper.
Example: The delay was undue.
Improper pressure affecting decisions.
Example: The will was challenged for undue influence.
Excessively.
Example: The rule burdened rights unduly.
Income not from work.
Example: Dividends are unearned income.
Insurance funds set aside.
Example: The insurer maintained an unearned premium reserve.
Not legally independent.
Example: The minor was unemancipated.
Payments to unemployed workers.
Example: He received unemployment compensation.
Insurance for job loss.
Example: The program provided unemployment insurance.
Inability to enforce legally.
Example: The contract faced unenforceability.
Not legally binding.
Example: The clause was unenforceable.
Deceptive business practices.
Example: The company sued for unfair competition.
Illegal employer or union action.
Example: The complaint alleged unfair labor practice.
Deceptive commercial behavior.
Example: The act addressed unfair trade practices.
Not suitable.
Example: The parent was deemed unfit.
Lack of predictability.
Example: The defense argued unforeseeability.
Not predictable.
Example: The event was unforeseeable.
A single state bar organization.
Example: The state had a unified bar.
A tax credit reducing estate taxes.
Example: The estate used unified credit.
Combined estate and gift tax system.
Example: The law created a unified transfer tax.
Consistent.
Example: The law applied uniformly.
A model law adopted by states.
Example: The statute was a uniform act.
Military legal code.
Example: The case followed the UCMJ.
A law governing commercial transactions.
Example: The contract fell under the UCC.
Law regulating consumer credit.
Example: The loan complied with the UCCC.
Law on fraudulent transfers.
Example: The transfer violated the UFCA.
Law addressing improper transfers.
Example: The case applied the UFTA.
Law governing partnerships.
Example: The firm followed the Uniform Partnership Act.
Law governing estates.
Example: The state adopted the Uniform Probate Code.
Law allowing transfers to minors.
Example: The account followed UTMA rules.
One-sided.
Example: The action was unilateral.
A contract formed by performance.
Example: The reward created a unilateral contract.
An error by one party.
Example: The case involved unilateral mistake.
By one party alone.
Example: He acted unilaterally.
Insurance for accidents with uninsured drivers.
Example: The policy included uninsured motorist coverage.
An organization of workers.
Example: The union negotiated wages.
An insurance clause protecting lenders.
Example: The policy had a union mortgage clause.
Workplace requiring union membership.
Example: The company operated a union shop.
Forming a union.
Example: The workers pursued unionization.
To form a union.
Example: Employees voted to unionize.
Formed a union.
Example: The workplace unionized.
Forming a union.
Example: Workers are unionizing.
A deed for a condominium unit.
Example: She received a unit deed.
An investment trust.
Example: The fund operated as a unit trust.
The state of being unified.
Example: The district achieved unitariness.
Forming a single unit.
Example: The system was unitary.
A federal prosecutor.
Example: The case was handled by a United States attorney.
A court handling claims against the government.
Example: The suit was filed there.
The collection of federal laws.
Example: The statute appears in the United States Code.
A court reviewing military cases.
Example: The appeal went there.
A court for claims against the government.
Example: The suit was filed in that court.
A court for trade disputes.
Example: The case involved import laws.
A former military appellate court.
Example: The case was heard there.
A court for veterans’ claims.
Example: The claim was reviewed there.
A federal law enforcement officer.
Example: The United States marshal executed the warrant.
A federal official overseeing bankruptcy.
Example: The trustee monitored the case.
A case upholding federal labor laws.
Example: The ruling supported regulation.
A case limiting federal power over manufacturing.
Example: The decision narrowed commerce power.
A case requiring presidential compliance with subpoenas.
Example: The ruling limited executive privilege.
A case denying damages for military injuries.
Example: The claim was rejected.
A case banning gender discrimination in education.
Example: The decision required equality.
A case allowing affirmative action plans.
Example: The ruling upheld the policy.
Elements required for joint ownership.
Example: The property required unities.
A law expanding surveillance powers.
Example: The law is known as the Patriot Act.
A trust distributing a fixed percentage.
Example: The estate created a unitrust.
The state of being united.
Example: The contract required unity.
Applying broadly.
Example: The rule was universal.
Authority over all affairs.
Example: The agent had universal agency.
One with broad authority.
Example: He acted as a universal agent.
A gift of an entire estate.
Example: The will granted a universal legacy.
Flexible life insurance.
Example: The policy was universal life insurance.
One inheriting all rights.
Example: The heir was a universal successor.
Ownership of an entire estate.
Example: She held universal title.
Life insurance with investment options.
Example: The policy included investments.
In all cases.
Example: The rule applied universally.
Not appropriate for a judge.
Example: The comment was unjudicial.
Not fair.
Example: The outcome was unjust.
Gaining unfair benefit.
Example: The claim alleged unjust enrichment.
Not able to be justified.
Example: The action was unjustifiable.
Without justification.
Example: The conduct was unjustifiably harsh.
Not justified.
Example: The decision was unjustified.
In an unfair way.
Example: He was treated unjustly.
Lack of fairness.
Example: The case showed unjustness.
Not permitted by law.
Example: The act was unlawful.
Arrest without legal basis.
Example: The claim involved unlawful arrest.
A gathering with illegal intent.
Example: The group was charged with unlawful assembly.
A person not entitled to prisoner protections.
Example: He was labeled an unlawful combatant.
Holding property without right.
Example: The landlord filed unlawful detainer.
Illegal use of force.
Example: The officer used unlawful force.
In violation of law.
Example: He acted unlawfully.
The state of being illegal.
Example: The act showed unlawfulness.
Not determined in amount.
Example: The damages were unliquidated.
Not able to be sold.
Example: The title was unmarketable.
An act against natural law.
Example: The charge involved an unnatural act.
Excessive burden.
Example: The rule caused unnecessary hardship.
Not eligible for a patent.
Example: The idea was unpatentable.
Not legally completed.
Example: The lien was unperfected.
Not planned in advance.
Example: The act was unpremeditated.
Not protected by legal privilege.
Example: The statement was unprivileged.
A person engaged in conflict without protections.
Example: He was classified as such.
Not legally pursued.
Example: The case remained unprosecuted.
Cannot be proven.
Example: The claim was unprovable.
Not proven.
Example: The allegation was unproved.
Not established as true.
Example: The charge was unproven.
Without limitation or lacking credentials.
Example: The statement was unqualified.
Not yet gained.
Example: The profit was unrealized.
Not fair or rational.
Example: The demand was unreasonable.
Lack of fairness.
Example: The claim showed unreasonableness.
In an unfair way.
Example: The rule applied unreasonably.
Posing excessive risk.
Example: The product was unreasonably dangerous.
Cannot be challenged.
Example: The presumption was unrebuttable.
Not officially filed.
Example: The deed was unrecorded.
Not officially recorded.
Example: The asset was unregistered.
A security not registered with authorities.
Example: The sale involved unregistered security.
Not subject to review.
Example: The decision was unreviewable.
Not backed by collateral.
Example: The loan was unsecured.
A creditor without collateral.
Example: The bank was an unsecured creditor.
Not valid or stable.
Example: The reasoning was unsound.
In an invalid way.
Example: The argument was made unsoundly.
Lack of validity.
Example: The claim showed unsoundness.
Not under oath.
Example: The statement was unsworn.
Being late.
Example: The filing showed untimeliness.
Not on time.
Example: The motion was untimely.
Lack of merit.
Example: The claim showed unworthiness.
Not deserving.
Example: The conduct was unworthy.
Law based on custom.
Example: The rule was unwritten law.
Uniform Partnership Act.
Example: The partnership followed the UPA.
Uniform Probate Code.
Example: The estate applied the UPC.
Supported or confirmed.
Example: The court upheld the ruling.
To support or maintain.
Example: The court will uphold the law.
Supporting.
Example: The decision is upholding precedent.
Owing more than value.
Example: The mortgage was upside down.
A law expanding surveillance powers.
Example: The law increased monitoring.
Customary practice.
Example: The contract followed usage.
Industry custom.
Example: The agreement relied on usage of trade.
To employ or a legal interest.
Example: The land was held in use.
Payment for use of property.
Example: The tenant owed use and occupation.
Protection from use of testimony.
Example: The witness received use immunity.
Tax on goods used in a state.
Example: The purchase required use tax.
The value of property based on its use.
Example: The court considered use value.
Employed.
Example: The tool was used.
The period an asset is usable.
Example: The asset had a useful life.
Excuse for not performing a futile act.
Example: The rule applied the useless gesture exception.
A person who uses something.
Example: The user accessed the system.
Employing or utilizing.
Example: He was using the property.
The right to use another’s property.
Example: He held a usufruct over the land.
People holding usufruct rights.
Example: The usufructuaries used the property.
A person with use rights.
Example: She was a usufructuary.
A person charging excessive interest.
Example: The lender was accused of being a usurer.
Charging illegal interest rates.
Example: The loan was usurious.
At illegal interest rates.
Example: The money was lent usuriously.
The state of excessive interest.
Example: The contract showed usuriousness.
To take power unlawfully.
Example: He attempted to usurp authority.
Unlawful seizure of power.
Example: The act was usurpation.
One who takes power unlawfully.
Example: The ruler was called a usurper.
Charging excessive interest.
Example: The law prohibits usury.
A rule maintaining possession as ownership.
Example: The doctrine applied uti possidetis.
Public service providers.
Example: The utilities regulated rates.
Usefulness or service.
Example: The product had utility.
Uniform Transfers to Minors Act.
Example: The account was created under UTMA.
To speak or publish.
Example: He uttered the statement.
One who speaks or issues.
Example: The utterer made the claim.
The crime of knowingly presenting a forged document as if it were genuine.
He was charged with uttering for passing the counterfeit check at the bank.
Abbreviation for versus.
Example: The case was Smith v. Jones.
Empty or unoccupied.
Example: The property was vacant.
An estate without heirs.
Example: The court handled a vacant succession.
To cancel or set aside.
Example: The court vacated the judgment.
Canceled or set aside.
Example: The order was vacated.
Canceling.
Example: The judge is vacating the ruling.
Suspension of court proceedings.
Example: The court was on vacation.
A court order nullifying a judgment.
Example: The appeal resulted in vacatur.
States of homelessness or idleness.
Example: The law addressed vagrancies.
The condition of being without visible means of support.
Example: He was charged with vagrancy.
A person without a fixed home.
Example: The vagrant was arrested.
Unclear or indefinite.
Example: The law was too vague.
In an unclear way.
Example: The statute was vaguely written.
Lack of clarity.
Example: The rule suffered from vagueness.
A rule invalidating unclear laws.
Example: The law failed under the vagueness doctrine.
Legally binding.
Example: The contract was valid.
To make legally acceptable.
Example: The court validated the agreement.
Made valid.
Example: The claim was validated.
Making valid.
Example: The statute is validating actions.
The act of making valid.
Example: The law allowed validation.
Legal soundness.
Example: The validity was challenged.
In a legal manner.
Example: The contract was validly formed.
Something of value exchanged in a contract.
Example: The agreement required valuable consideration.
Determining worth.
Example: The property required valuation.
A hearing to determine value.
Example: The court held a valuation hearing.
Worth or to estimate worth.
Example: The asset had high value.
A tax on goods at each stage of production.
Example: The country imposed a value-added tax.
Considered important or assessed.
Example: The property was valued highly.
An insurance policy with a fixed payout.
Example: The contract was a valued policy.
A law requiring full payment for total loss.
Example: The state followed valued policy law.
Without worth.
Example: The item was valueless.
Estimating worth.
Example: The expert is valuing the asset.
A person who destroys property.
Example: The vandal was arrested.
Destruction of property.
Example: The crime was vandalism.
To damage property.
Example: The suspect vandalized the building.
Damaged property.
Example: The car was vandalized.
Damaging property.
Example: He is vandalizing property.
An annuity with fluctuating payments.
Example: She invested in a variable annuity.
Life insurance with investment options.
Example: The policy was variable life insurance.
Flexible life insurance with investments.
Example: The plan included variable universal life insurance.
A difference from expectation.
Example: The evidence showed variance.
Value-added tax.
Example: The product was subject to VAT.
Killing someone with a vehicle.
Example: He was charged with vehicular homicide.
Or not.
Example: The issue was liability vel non.
To sell.
Example: The company vended goods.
A buyer.
Example: The vendee purchased the property.
A seller.
Example: The vender transferred ownership.
A seller.
Example: The vendor supplied goods.
A seller’s claim for unpaid price.
Example: The vendor had a lien.
A panel of potential jurors.
Example: The venire was called.
A writ summoning jurors.
Example: The court issued a venire facias.
A male potential juror.
Example: The venireman was questioned.
A potential juror.
Example: Each veniremember was examined.
Multiple potential jurors.
Example: The veniremen were selected.
A potential juror.
Example: The venireperson answered questions.
A business undertaking.
Example: The partners formed a venture.
Investment in startups.
Example: The company received venture capital.
The location of a trial.
Example: The venue was changed.
Words with legal significance.
Example: The statement was a verbal act.
A jury’s decision.
Example: The jury returned a verdict.
Confirmation of truth.
Example: The document required verification.
Confirmed.
Example: The claim was verified.
To confirm truth.
Example: She verified the facts.
Confirming.
Example: He is verifying evidence.
An agreement between different business levels.
Example: The contract was a vertical agreement.
Setting prices across distribution levels.
Example: The practice involved vertical price-fixing.
Relationship between parties in a chain.
Example: The case required vertical privity.
Limits imposed between business levels.
Example: The law addressed vertical restraints.
To give rights.
Example: The property vested in the heir.
Having full rights.
Example: The interest was vested.
An estate with immediate rights.
Example: He held a vested estate.
A secured right.
Example: She had a vested interest.
A future interest guaranteed to occur.
Example: The trust created a vested remainder.
A right that cannot be taken away.
Example: The law protected vested rights.
To reject a law.
Example: The president issued a veto.
Rejected.
Example: The bill was vetoed.
Acts of rejecting laws.
Example: The governor used vetoes.
Rejecting.
Example: He is vetoing the proposal.
Intended to harass.
Example: The lawsuit was vexatious.
Sale of a life insurance policy.
Example: The patient entered a viatical settlement.
Indirect responsibility.
Example: The employer had vicarious liability.
Responsibility for another’s actions.
Example: The company faced vicarious liability.
Indirectly.
Example: The harm occurred vicariously.
Indirect responsibility.
Example: The case involved vicariousness.
A moral failing.
Example: The act was considered a vice.
The second-highest executive officer.
Example: The vice president took office.
Relating to the vice president.
Example: The campaign was vice presidential.
Acting in place of.
Example: The term begins with vice-.
A judicial or administrative officer.
Example: The vice-chancellor presided.
A deputy consul.
Example: The vice-consul assisted citizens.
The office of vice president.
Example: He held the vice-presidency.
The area from which a jury is drawn.
Example: The trial required proper vicinage.
To break a law.
Example: He violated the statute.
Broke a law.
Example: The rule was violated.
Breaking a law.
Example: She is violating regulations.
A breach of law.
Example: The act was a violation.
Breaking a rule.
Example: The conduct was violative.
A person who breaks a law.
Example: The violator was fined.
A serious crime involving force.
Example: The charge was a violent felony.
An equal share of inheritance.
Example: Each heir received a virile share.
An act of God.
Example: The damage was caused by vis major.
Authorization to enter a country.
Example: She applied for a visa.
The right to visit a child.
Example: The parent was granted visitation.
Relating to inspection or supervision.
Example: The board had visitatorial powers.
Relating to oversight authority.
Example: The institution had visitorial powers.
To weaken or invalidate.
Example: The fraud vitiated the contract.
Made invalid.
Example: The agreement was vitiated.
Invalidating.
Example: The misrepresentation is vitiating consent.
By spoken word.
Example: The testimony was given viva voce.
Having no legal effect.
Example: The contract was void.
A rule invalidating unclear laws.
Example: The statute failed under the doctrine.
The ability to be declared void.
Example: The issue involved voidability.
Able to be canceled.
Example: The contract was voidable.
A payment that can be reversed in bankruptcy.
Example: The trustee challenged a voidable preference.
The state of being void.
Example: The court declared voidness.
Jury selection questioning.
Example: The lawyers conducted voir dire.
Conducted jury questioning.
Example: The attorney voir dired the panel.
Questioning jurors.
Example: The judge was voir diring.
No injury is done to one who consents.
Example: The defense relied on volenti non fit injuria.
By choice.
Example: He acted voluntarily.
The state of acting freely.
Example: The court examined voluntariness.
Done by choice.
Example: The confession was voluntary.
Bankruptcy initiated by the debtor.
Example: She filed voluntary bankruptcy.
A non-mandatory legal association.
Example: He joined a voluntary bar.
Property deposited by choice.
Example: The funds were a voluntary deposit.
Ending a case by choice.
Example: The plaintiff filed voluntary dismissal.
Ending a business by choice.
Example: The company chose voluntary dissolution.
A lien created by agreement.
Example: The mortgage was a voluntary lien.
Killing in the heat of passion.
Example: He was convicted of voluntary manslaughter.
Intentional damage to property.
Example: The tenant committed voluntary waste.
A person who acts without obligation.
Example: She volunteered assistance.
To express a choice.
Example: He cast a vote.
Expressed a choice.
Example: She voted in the election.
A law requiring identification to vote.
Example: The state passed a voter ID law.
The act of casting ballots.
Example: Voting began early.
The right to vote.
Example: The law protected voting rights.
A law prohibiting voting discrimination.
Example: The case relied on the Voting Rights Act.
Shares with voting power.
Example: He owned voting stock.
A trust holding shares for voting.
Example: The shares were in a voting trust.
Proof of interest in a voting trust.
Example: He held a voting trust certificate.
To support or guarantee.
Example: He vouched for the witness.
A document proving a transaction.
Example: The receipt acted as a voucher.
Supporting or guaranteeing.
Example: The lawyer was vouching for credibility.
Notifying a third party of litigation.
Example: The defendant used vouching-in.
A solemn promise.
Example: He made a vow.
A person making a vow.
Example: The vower promised compliance.
Insurance covering a specific trip.
Example: The ship had a voyage policy.
Naming a backup heir.
Example: The will included vulgar substitution.
A fund investing in distressed assets.
Example: The firm was a vulture fund.
A court hearing to determine whether evidence should be excluded because it was obtained improperly.
Example: The judge held a Wade hearing to decide if the identification evidence was valid.
Payment given to a worker for labor or services, usually based on time worked.
Example: She earned a higher wage after her promotion.
A legal agreement where a worker allows part of their wages to be paid directly to a creditor.
Example: He signed a wage assignment to repay his debt.
A law regulating minimum wage, overtime pay, and working hours.
Example: The company was investigated for violating the Wages and Hours Act.
A federal law protecting workers' rights to organize and join labor unions.
Example: The Wagner Act gave employees the right to form unions.
A legal approach where a court delays judgment until more facts are known.
Example: The judge took a wait and see approach before making a ruling.
Able to be given up or voluntarily surrendered.
Example: The right to a jury trial is waivable in certain cases.
To voluntarily give up a legal right or claim.
Example: She chose to waive her right to remain silent.
Having given up a legal right.
Example: He waived his right to an attorney.
The voluntary relinquishment of a known right.
Example: She signed a waiver before participating.
The act of giving up a legal right.
Example: By signing, he was waiving his rights.
A strike where workers leave their jobs as a form of protest.
Example: Employees staged a walkout over poor conditions.
A Supreme Court case ruling that school-sponsored prayer violates the Constitution.
Example: Wallace v. Jaffree reinforced separation of church and state.
Reckless and without regard for consequences.
Example: His wanton behavior caused serious damage.
In a reckless or careless manner.
Example: The property was wantonly destroyed.
Reckless disregard for the safety or rights of others.
Example: The lawsuit claimed wantonness in the defendant’s actions.
A serious violation of the laws of war.
Example: Targeting civilians is considered a war crime.
A person who commits war crimes.
Example: The general was tried as a war criminal.
The authority of a government to declare and conduct war.
Example: Congress debated its war powers.
A law limiting the president’s ability to engage in military conflict without approval.
Example: The War Powers Act requires reporting to Congress.
Insurance that covers losses caused by war-related events.
Example: The company purchased war risk insurance before expanding overseas.
A person under the protection of a guardian or court.
Example: The child became a ward of the state.
A person in charge of a prison.
Example: The warden enforced strict rules.
The legal status of being under guardianship.
Example: The court granted wardship to a relative.
A Supreme Court case affirming that treaties override state laws.
Example: Ware v. Hylton established federal supremacy.
A document proving goods are stored in a warehouse.
Example: The receipt showed ownership of the stored goods.
A legal document authorizing an action like a search or arrest.
Example: Police obtained a warrant to search the house.
A constitutional requirement that warrants be supported by probable cause.
Example: The warrant clause protects against unreasonable searches.
A document allowing someone to act on another’s behalf in legal matters.
Example: He signed a warrant of attorney for his lawyer.
A person who receives a warranty.
Example: The buyer was the warrantee.
Promises about the condition or quality of goods.
Example: The product came with warranties.
Done without a legal warrant.
Example: The warrantless search was challenged in court.
A person who provides a warranty.
Example: The seller acted as the warrantor.
A guarantee about a product or service.
Example: The car came with a two-year warranty.
A deed guaranteeing clear title to property.
Example: The seller provided a warranty deed.
A guarantee that goods are suitable for a specific purpose.
Example: The equipment violated the warranty of fitness.
A landlord’s obligation to provide livable housing.
Example: The tenant sued for breach of warranty of habitability.
A guarantee that goods meet basic quality standards.
Example: The defective product violated merchantability standards.
The sale of a security at a loss followed by repurchasing a similar one to claim a tax benefit.
Example: The IRS disallowed the deduction because it was a wash sale.
Damage or misuse of property by someone in lawful possession of it.
Example: The tenant was sued for committing waste.
Property that loses value over time, such as natural resources.
Example: Oil reserves are considered wasting assets.
A specialized court that handles disputes over water rights.
Example: The case was brought before the Water Court.
Shares issued at a value greater than the actual worth of the company.
Example: Investors sued over the issuance of watered stock.
A legal right to cross another’s land when no other access exists.
Example: The landowner was granted a way of necessity.
A Supreme Court case addressing the delegation of powers to the judiciary.
Example: Wayman v. Southard clarified limits on delegated authority.
Government methods of raising revenue, especially taxes.
Example: The committee debated new ways and means to fund programs.
A trademark that is not distinctive and receives limited legal protection.
Example: The court ruled the name was a weak mark.
A Supreme Court case allowing states to restrict abortion funding and access.
Example: Webster v. Reproductive Health Services upheld certain state regulations.
A rule stating that federal jurisdiction must be based on the plaintiff’s properly stated complaint.
Example: The case was dismissed under the well-pleaded complaint rule.
Presented evidence or arguments in a legal proceeding.
Example: The plaintiff went forward with new testimony.
A Supreme Court case upholding minimum wage laws.
Example: West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish supported labor protections.
A Supreme Court case protecting students’ rights to free speech.
Example: Barnette ruled that students cannot be forced to salute the flag.
A rule that limits conspiracy charges when a crime requires multiple participants.
Example: The defense cited Wharton’s Rule.
A security traded before it is officially issued.
Example: Investors bought the bonds as when-issued securities.
A person who reports illegal or unethical conduct within an organization.
Example: The whistleblower exposed fraud.
The act of reporting wrongdoing.
Example: Whistleblowing can protect the public.
A company or individual that rescues another from a hostile takeover.
Example: A white knight stepped in to save the business.
Nonviolent crime committed for financial gain.
Example: Fraud is a common white-collar crime.
The complete body of law, including statutes and case law.
Example: The judge considered the whole law.
A type of life insurance that provides coverage for a person’s entire life.
Example: He invested in whole life insurance.
A strike not approved by a union.
Example: Workers organized a wildcat strike.
Intentional and deliberate
Example: The violation was willful.
A legal document stating how a person’s property should be distributed after death.
Example: She outlined her wishes in her will.
A legal challenge to the validity of a will.
Example: The heirs filed a will contest.
A legal arrangement that transfers property without a will.
Example: A trust can act as a will substitute.
Capable of being transferred by a will.
Example: The property was willable.
Done intentionally and knowingly.
Example: The violation was willful.
Deliberately ignoring facts or evidence.
Example: The court found willful blindness.
In an intentional manner.
Example: He willfully ignored the law.
The state of acting intentionally.
Example: Willfulness increased the penalty.
To conclude or close operations.
Example: They decided to wind up the business.
The process of closing a business and settling its affairs.
Example: The company entered winding up.
Fraud committed using electronic communications.
Example: He was charged with wire fraud.
A law criminalizing fraud through electronic communication systems.
Example: The charges were filed under the Wire Fraud Act.
The interception of communications.
Example: The police used a wiretap.
Having communications intercepted.
Example: The suspect’s phone was wiretapped.
The act of intercepting communications.
Example: Wiretapping requires legal authorization.
Acting with a specific purpose or goal.
Example: He acted with intent to deceive.
Subject to conditions or limitations.
Example: The auction was held with reserve.
To remove or take back a claim or statement.
Example: She chose to withdraw her lawsuit.
The act of taking something back.
Example: The withdrawal ended the case.
The act of removing a claim.
Example: He is withdrawing his motion.
Having been taken back.
Example: The complaint was withdrawn.
Past tense of withdraw.
Example: She withdrew her appeal.
Tax taken directly from income before it is received.
Example: Employers deduct withholding tax.
Without conditions or limitations.
Example: The property was sold without reserve.
A person who gives testimony in court.
Example: The witness testified under oath.
A program that protects witnesses by relocating them.
Example: He entered the witness protection program.
The place where a witness testifies in court.
Example: She took the witness stand.
A Supreme Court case establishing limits on illegally obtained evidence.
Example: Wong Sun reinforced the exclusionary rule.
A Supreme Court case recognizing Native American sovereignty.
Example: Worcester v. Georgia protected tribal rights.
A term with a specific legal meaning.
Example: “Consideration” is a word of art.
Language defining the extent of an estate in property.
Example: The deed included words of limitation.
Language identifying who receives property.
Example: The will used words of purchase.
Work created by an employee or contractor where the employer owns the copyright.
The illustrations were a work for hire, so the publisher owned the rights.
A creation made by an employee or contractor that legally belongs to the employer.
Example: The design was considered work made for hire.
Materials prepared by a lawyer in anticipation of litigation.
Example: The notes were protected as work product.
A rule protecting attorneys’ prepared materials from disclosure.
Example: The documents were shielded by the work product doctrine.
A program allowing inmates to work outside prison.
Example: He participated in work release.
A temporary halt in work, often due to labor disputes.
Example: The strike caused a work stoppage.
Relating to a program allowing prisoners to work outside confinement.
Example: She was placed in a work-release program.
A job action where employees follow rules strictly to slow productivity.
Example: Workers began a work-to-rule protest.
A system providing benefits to employees injured on the job.
Example: He filed for workers’ compensation.
Laws governing workplace injury compensation.
Example: The claim was handled under the Acts.
Insurance covering workplace injuries.
Example: Employers must carry this insurance.
A facility where people work as part of a penalty or assistance program.
Example: He was sent to a workhouse.
Funds available for daily business operations.
Example: The company increased its working capital.
A stake in a project that involves active participation and costs.
Example: She owns a working interest in the oil well.
A system providing benefits to workers injured on the job
Example: He applied for workman’s compensation.
Another term for workers’ compensation.
Example: The claim fell under workmen’s compensation laws.
A law providing compensation to employees injured at work.
Example: The case was filed under the Workmen’s Compensation Act.
A negotiated plan to resolve debt without legal action.
Example: The company reached a workout with creditors.
The international court that settles disputes between countries.
Example: The case was brought before the World Court.
A legal doctrine favoring inheritance over transfer by will.
Example: The court applied the doctrine of worthier title.
Past tense of winding up; to have closed or settled affairs.
Example: The business was wound up after bankruptcy.
A loan that includes an existing mortgage plus additional funds.
Example: The buyer used a wrap-around mortgage.
A formal written order issued by a court.
Example: The judge issued a writ.
A court order allowing law enforcement to search property.
Example: Officers used a writ of assistance.
An order by which a higher court reviews a lower court’s decision.
Example: The Supreme Court granted a writ of certiorari.
A request to correct a fundamental error in a judgment.
Example: He filed a writ of coram nobis.
A legal order to recover money owed.
Example: The creditor sought a writ of debt.
A request to review a legal error in a case.
Example: The defendant filed a writ of error.
A writ used to correct errors of fact in a judgment.
Example: The court considered a writ of error coram nobis.
A legal action to determine ownership of property.
Example: The dispute involved a writ of right.
To reduce the recorded value of an asset.
Example: The company had to write down its losses.
To cancel a debt or expense as a loss.
Example: The business wrote off bad debt.
To formally record or document something.
Example: The officer wrote up the report.
A reduction in the value of an asset.
Example: The write-down affected profits.
A canceled debt or recognized loss.
Example: The loan became a write-off.
A written report or description.
Example: The case included a detailed write-up.
The act of recording something in writing.
Example: She was writing down notes.
Recorded in writing.
Example: The agreement was written down.
The total amount of insurance premiums written by an insurer.
Example: The company reported high written premiums.
A violation of a legal right.
Example: The court recognized a legal wrong.
A person who commits a wrongful act.
Example: The wrongdoer was held liable.
Illegal or unethical behavior.
Example: The investigation uncovered wrongdoing.
Unjust or unlawful.
Example: The termination was wrongful.
A claim that negligence led to the birth of a child with disabilities.
Example: The parents filed a wrongful birth claim.
A claim arising from failed contraception or sterilization.
Example: The lawsuit alleged wrongful conception.
A death caused by another’s negligence or misconduct.
Example: The family filed a wrongful death suit.
A lawsuit seeking damages for wrongful death.
Example: The court heard a wrongful death action.
Illegal termination of employment.
Example: He sued for wrongful discharge.
A bank’s unjust refusal to honor a check.
Example: The bank was liable for wrongful dishonor.
A claim that negligence resulted in a child being born with severe defects.
Example: The case involved wrongful life claims.
A claim based on failed medical procedures preventing pregnancy.
Example: The couple sued for wrongful pregnancy.
In an unjust or unlawful manner.
Example: He was wrongfully accused.
The quality of being unlawful or unjust.
Example: The case focused on wrongfulness.
Past tense of write down.
Example: She wrote down the agreement.
A Supreme Court case addressing affirmative action and layoffs.
Example: Wygant limited certain affirmative action practices.
A symbol commonly used to represent a signature or mark when a person cannot write their name.
Example: He signed the document with an X.
A mark made in place of a signature, often used by those unable to write their name.
The witness attested that the elderly man's X-mark signature was made voluntarily.
Not a formal legal term; sometimes used informally in documents or communications but not recognized in legal writing.
Example: The abbreviation XD should not be used in official legal documents.
Prejudice or discrimination against people from other countries, which can form the basis of a civil rights claim.
The complaint alleged that the hiring manager's xenophobia drove the denial of the position.
An abbreviation that may refer to “extended release” in legal or medical contexts involving prescriptions.
Example: The medication was labeled XR for extended release.
A person who uses threats to get money or something else.
Example: The extortionist demanded payment.
An abbreviation occasionally used in shorthand notes, but not a standard legal term.
Example: XW is not commonly used in formal legal writing.
A Supreme Court case addressing limits on obstruction of justice laws.
Example: The ruling in Yates v. United States narrowed how obstruction laws are applied.
A historical rule stating a death must occur within a year and a day of an injury to support homicide charges.
Under the old year and a day rule, the delayed death could not support the murder charge.
A common law rule stating that a death must occur within a year and a day of an act to be considered legally caused by it.
Example: The case was dismissed under the year-and-a-day rule.
An agreement where a worker promises not to join a labor union, now illegal.
Example: Yellow-dog contracts are no longer enforceable.
A Supreme Court case establishing that laws applied in a discriminatory way violate equal protection.
Example: Yick Wo v. Hopkins addressed unequal enforcement of laws.
The return or profit earned from an investment.
Example: The bond offered a high yield.
A legal doctrine where federal courts avoid interfering with ongoing state proceedings.
Example: The court applied Younger abstention.
A Supreme Court case limiting presidential power to seize private property.
Example: The decision in Youngstown restricted executive authority.
A respectful form of address used when speaking to a judge in court.
The attorney began, "Your Honor, the defense calls its first witness."
A young person accused of a crime who may receive special legal treatment.
Example: The court granted him youthful offender status.
A type of bond that receives payments only after other bonds are paid off.
Example: Investors waited years for returns on the Z-bond.
Zoning Board of Appeals, a local government body that reviews zoning decisions and grants exceptions.
Example: The homeowner appealed to the ZBA for a variance.
The portion of income not subject to taxation.
Example: The taxpayer’s income fell within the zero bracket amount.
A policy of imposing strict penalties for any violation of a rule, regardless of circumstances.
The school's zero tolerance policy led to automatic suspension for the fight.
A bond that does not pay interest but is sold at a discount and matures at full value.
Example: She invested in a zero-coupon bond for long-term growth.
A contract provision stating that all terms are included and no additional negotiations are required.
Example: The agreement included a zipper clause.
A designated area with specific regulations, especially for land use.
Example: The property is located in a residential zone.
The area where a person is at risk of physical harm due to another’s actions.
Example: The plaintiff was within the zone of danger.
The area where an employee’s work duties occur.
Example: The injury happened within the zone of employment.
A legal concept determining who has the right to bring a claim under a statute.
Example: The plaintiff fell within the zone of interest.
Areas of personal life protected from government intrusion.
Example: The court recognized a zone of privacy.
Classified under specific zoning regulations.
Example: The land is zoned for commercial use.
Laws regulating land use and property development.
Example: Zoning laws restrict building height.
Official permission allowing a property owner to use land in a way normally barred by zoning rules.
She secured a zoning variance to add a second-floor apartment to her home.
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