A Plain-Language Guide to Legal Terms. Look up unfamiliar legal words and read simple, clear explanations — with real-world examples.
The voluntary giving up of a right, property, child, or spouse without intending to reclaim it.
The landlord claimed abandonment after the tenant left the apartment empty for six months without paying rent.
To reduce, lessen, or put a stop to something, such as a nuisance or tax.
The city ordered the factory to abate the loud nighttime noise disturbing the neighborhood.
To encourage, assist, or support someone in committing a crime.
He was charged because he drove the getaway car and helped abet the robbery.
Using a legal procedure for a wrongful purpose unrelated to the case.
Filing endless lawsuits just to harass a former business partner can amount to abuse of process.
A person who helps someone commit a crime but is not present during the act itself.
She was charged as an accessory for hiding the stolen laptop in her garage after the burglary.
A person who knowingly helps another commit a crime, often being present during it.
The cashier was found to be an accomplice because she unlocked the safe for the robbers.
An agreement to settle a dispute by accepting a different performance than originally owed.
The contractor accepted a reduced payment as accord and satisfaction for the unfinished kitchen work.
A formal claim that someone has done something wrong or illegal.
He denied the accusation that he had taken money from the company account.
A court finding that a defendant is not guilty of the charges.
After two days of deliberation, the jury returned an acquittal on all counts.
A natural event, like a flood or earthquake, that no one can reasonably prevent.
The insurance policy did not cover the damage because the hurricane was classified as an act of God.
Describing conduct that gives someone a valid basis to sue in court.
Her lawyer told her that the false Yelp review about her bakery was actionable as defamation.
Formed or done for one specific purpose or occasion only.
The board created an ad hoc committee just to investigate the missing funds.
Appointed by a court to act on behalf of someone, usually a minor, only for a lawsuit.
A guardian ad litem was appointed to represent the childs interests in the custody case.
To formally decide a legal matter by a judge or official tribunal.
The small claims judge will adjudicate the dispute over the broken security deposit.
A person appointed by a court to manage the estate of someone who died without a will.
Her uncle served as administrator of the estate because his brother died without leaving a will.
Evidence that a court allows the jury or judge to consider during a case.
The judge ruled that the text messages were admissible evidence in the harassment trial.
Gaining legal ownership of land by openly using it for a long period without the owners permission.
After fencing and mowing the vacant lot for twenty years, he claimed it through adverse possession.
A written statement confirmed by oath or affirmation, used as evidence in court.
She signed an affidavit describing what she saw on the night of the accident.
When a higher court agrees with and upholds the decision of a lower court.
The appeals court voted to affirm the trial judges ruling in favor of the tenant.
A defense where the defendant admits the act but offers a legal reason it is not wrongful.
He raised self-defense as an affirmative defense to the assault charge after the bar fight.
Describing a crime made more serious by factors like a weapon, injury, or intent.
Because he used a knife during the fight, he was charged with aggravated assault.
Evidence that a person was somewhere else when an alleged crime occurred.
Her timestamped grocery receipt provided a solid alibi for the night of the break-in.
The transfer of property ownership from one person to another.
The deed restriction prevented alienation of the family farm outside the bloodline.
Money a court orders one spouse to pay the other after separation or divorce.
After the divorce, he was ordered to pay monthly alimony for five years.
A claim in a legal case that something is true, stated before it is proven.
The lawsuit contained an allegation that the employer ignored repeated harassment complaints.
Latin for friend of the court; an outsider who files a brief to help the court decide a case.
A civil rights group filed an amicus curiae brief supporting the tenants side of the case.
A court declaration that a marriage was never legally valid.
She sought an annulment after learning her husband was already married to someone else.
The defendants written response to the claims made in a lawsuit complaint.
He had thirty days to file an answer after being served with the debt collection lawsuit.
A request asking a higher court to review and change a lower courts decision.
After losing at trial, she filed an appeal arguing the judge misinterpreted the contract.
A court that reviews decisions made by lower courts rather than holding new trials.
The appellate court sent the case back for a new trial because of errors in jury instructions.
A private process where a neutral third party decides a dispute instead of a judge.
Her cellphone contract required arbitration, so she could not sue the carrier in regular court.
A court hearing where a criminal defendant is formally charged and enters a plea.
At the arraignment, he pleaded not guilty to the shoplifting charge.
The act of legally taking a person into custody, usually for suspected criminal activity.
The officer made the arrest after finding open containers and an expired license at the traffic stop.
An act or threat that causes another person to fear immediate physical harm.
Raising a fist and threatening to punch a coworker can qualify as assault even without contact.
The transfer of rights or property from one person to another.
The lease allowed assignment of the apartment to a roommate with the landlords written approval.
A rule that keeps private communications between a lawyer and client confidential.
She spoke freely to her lawyer about the accident knowing attorney-client privilege protected the conversation.
A job arrangement where either the employer or employee can end the relationship anytime for almost any reason.
Because of at-will employment, the company could fire him without giving a specific reason.
Money paid to a court so an arrested person can be released while awaiting trial.
Her family posted $5,000 bail so she could return home until her court date.
A court officer who maintains order in the courtroom and assists the judge.
The bailiff asked everyone to rise as the judge entered the courtroom.
Temporarily giving someone your property to hold or use with an agreement to return it.
Leaving your coat with a restaurant coat check creates a bailment between you and the restaurant.
A legal process that helps people or businesses who cannot pay their debts get relief.
After medical bills piled up, she filed for bankruptcy to get a fresh financial start.
The collective group of lawyers licensed to practice law in a particular area.
After passing the exam, she was admitted to the bar and began practicing law in Texas.
A professional organization that regulates and supports lawyers within a region.
He filed a complaint with the state bar association after his lawyer missed three court dates.
The unlawful physical contact with another person without their consent.
Shoving a coworker during an argument can be charged as battery.
A term referring to the judge or the judges seat in a courtroom.
The lawyers approached the bench to discuss the objection out of the jurys hearing.
A trial decided by a judge alone, without a jury.
They chose a bench trial because the contract dispute involved complicated accounting rules.
A person named to receive money, property, or benefits from a will, trust, or policy.
Her daughter was the beneficiary of the life insurance policy worth $200,000.
A gift of personal property left to someone through a will.
Her grandmothers will included a bequest of the antique piano to her granddaughter.
A rule requiring the original document when proving its contents in court.
Under the best evidence rule, the lawyer produced the original signed lease rather than a photocopy.
The high level of certainty needed to convict someone of a crime.
The jury acquitted him because the prosecutor could not prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
A proposed law introduced in a legislature for debate and possible passage.
The senator introduced a bill that would raise the minimum wage across the state.
The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, which protect basic individual freedoms.
The Bill of Rights guarantees the freedom to speak openly and practice any religion.
Legally enforceable and creating a duty someone must follow.
Once both parties signed the lease, it became a binding agreement for twelve months.
Demanding money or favors by threatening to reveal damaging or embarrassing information.
He was charged with blackmail for demanding $10,000 to keep private photos off the internet.
A written promise backed by money to guarantee something will happen, such as a court appearance.
The judge required a $10,000 bond to make sure he would show up for trial.
An organized refusal to do business with a company to force it to change behavior.
Customers organized a boycott of the coffee chain after it fired employees for unionizing.
Failing to perform what a contract requires without a legal excuse.
The roofer committed breach of contract by never finishing the repairs after being paid in full.
Offering or accepting something of value to influence an official decision.
The inspector was arrested for bribery after accepting cash to approve unsafe construction.
A written document filed with a court laying out a partys legal arguments.
Her attorney filed a brief explaining why the traffic ticket should be dismissed.
The duty of a party to prove the facts needed to win their case.
In a civil suit, the burden of proof requires showing it is more likely than not that the claim is true.
The internal rules that govern how a company, nonprofit, or association operates.
The homeowners association bylaws required two weeks notice before any board vote.
The legal ability to understand and take on rights or duties, such as signing a contract.
The court found she lacked capacity to sign the will because of her advanced dementia.
A crime serious enough to be punishable by death.
First-degree murder is considered a capital offense in some states.
Law that comes from written decisions of judges in earlier cases.
Her lawyer cited case law from similar custody disputes to support the argument.
The legal basis that gives someone the right to file a lawsuit.
Being fired after reporting safety violations gave him a cause of action for wrongful termination.
Latin for let the buyer beware, meaning buyers are responsible for checking what they purchase.
Under caveat emptor, she could not return the used car after finding engine problems the next week.
A formal order or demand to stop doing a specific activity immediately.
The musician sent a cease and desist letter to the band using her song without permission.
An order by a higher court agreeing to review a lower courts decision.
The Supreme Court granted certiorari to decide the school speech case.
The documented history of who handled a piece of evidence from collection to trial.
The defense questioned the chain of custody because the blood sample had been unattended for hours.
A formal objection to a potential juror or to a legal action.
The attorney used a challenge to remove a juror who had worked with the victim.
A judges private office where meetings and paperwork happen outside the courtroom.
The judge called both lawyers into chambers to discuss settling the case.
The legal right to care for and make decisions about a child after separation or divorce.
The parents shared joint child custody, alternating weeks at each home.
Ongoing payments a parent makes to help cover the costs of raising their child.
He paid $800 in monthly child support to help cover his daughters school and medical expenses.
Evidence that suggests a fact indirectly rather than proving it outright.
Muddy footprints matching his shoes were circumstantial evidence he had entered the yard.
A written notice ordering someone to appear in court or pay a fine.
The officer gave her a citation for rolling through the stop sign.
The area of law covering disputes between people or organizations, not criminal acts.
Suing a neighbor over a damaged fence is handled under civil law.
Personal freedoms the government cannot take away, such as speech and religion.
Protesting peacefully outside city hall is protected by basic civil liberties.
Legal protections against discrimination and unequal treatment by the government or others.
She filed a civil rights complaint after being denied housing because of her race.
A demand for money, property, or a legal remedy based on a right.
He filed a claim with his insurance company after the hailstorm dented his car.
A lawsuit where one or a few people sue on behalf of a larger group with similar complaints.
Thousands of customers joined a class action against the bank over hidden overdraft fees.
A standard of proof higher than usual civil cases but lower than criminal cases.
To remove her as guardian, the court needed clear and convincing evidence of neglect.
A written addition or change to an existing will.
He added a codicil to his will leaving his vintage guitar to his nephew.
Forcing someone to do something through threats, pressure, or intimidation.
She argued the contract was signed under coercion because her boss threatened to fire her.
Property pledged as security for a loan that the lender can take if the borrower fails to pay.
He used his truck as collateral for the small business loan.
Mixing together funds or property that should be kept separate, often improperly.
The lawyer was disciplined for commingling client funds with his personal checking account.
Law developed through court decisions over time rather than written statutes.
Under common law, a couple living together for years may gain certain rights without marrying.
The reduction of a criminal sentence by a governor or president.
The governor granted commutation, shortening her prison sentence from twenty to ten years.
A persons mental ability to understand court proceedings or make legal decisions.
The judge paused the trial to evaluate the defendants competency to stand trial.
The first document filed in a lawsuit that states the plaintiffs claims.
Her complaint accused the employer of firing her because she was pregnant.
Multiple prison sentences served at the same time rather than one after another.
He received two concurrent sentences of five years, so he served only five years total.
The governments taking of private property for public use, usually with payment.
The city used condemnation to acquire homes in the path of the new highway.
The duty to keep certain information private and not share it with others.
Her employment contract included a confidentiality clause about company trade secrets.
Something of value exchanged between parties to make a contract enforceable.
The $500 payment was the consideration that made the used bicycle sale a binding contract.
An agreement between two or more people to commit an illegal act.
The employees were charged with conspiracy for planning together to steal company inventory.
The foundational document setting out a governments structure and basic rights.
The U.S. Constitution guarantees the right to a lawyer in criminal cases.
Describing something treated by the law as existing, even if not literally true.
Being locked out by her landlord amounted to a constructive eviction from the apartment.
Disobeying a court order or disrupting court proceedings.
He was held in contempt of court for shouting at the judge during the hearing.
A lawyers fee paid only if the client wins, usually a percentage of the recovery.
Her accident lawyer worked on a contingency fee of one-third of whatever she recovered.
A legally enforceable agreement between two or more parties.
Signing the apartment lease created a contract requiring her to pay rent for a year.
When an injured persons own carelessness partly caused their harm.
Texting while crossing the street was contributory negligence that reduced her injury award.
A formal finding that a defendant is guilty of a crime.
His conviction for theft meant he spent six months in county jail.
A legal right that protects original creative works from being copied without permission.
She held the copyright to her novel, so no one could reprint it without her consent.
Additional evidence that supports or confirms another witnesss testimony.
Security footage provided corroboration of the cashiers account of the robbery.
A lawyer or legal advisor representing someone.
The judge asked if she wanted counsel before entering a plea.
A claim the defendant makes back against the plaintiff in the same lawsuit.
When sued for unpaid rent, he filed a counterclaim for the landlords failure to fix the heater.
A formal promise in a contract or deed to do or not do something.
The neighborhood covenant prohibited parking RVs in the driveway overnight.
Believable and worthy of being trusted by a judge or jury.
The jury found the eyewitness credible because her story stayed consistent under pressure.
The area of law covering offenses against the public that the government prosecutes.
Stealing a car is handled under criminal law, with the state pursuing charges.
The questioning of a witness by the opposing side during a trial.
During cross-examination, the defense lawyer pointed out gaps in the witnesss memory.
Legal care and control over a person or property, such as a child or arrested suspect.
The suspect remained in police custody overnight until his bail hearing.
Money a court orders one party to pay another as compensation for harm or loss.
The jury awarded $50,000 in damages for her medical bills after the car accident.
Describing something that exists in fact, even if not formally recognized by law.
Although never officially promoted, she became the de facto manager of the restaurant.
Describing something that exists according to law, whether or not it matches reality.
He was the de jure owner of the business even though his brother ran everything daily.
A fresh review of a case, as if no earlier decision had been made.
The appeals court reviewed the legal question de novo, giving no weight to the trial courts conclusion.
A person or business that owes money to someone else.
As the debtor, she had to list all her creditors when filing for bankruptcy.
A court ruling that states the parties rights without ordering anyone to do anything.
She sought a declaratory judgment confirming that her non-compete clause was unenforceable.
An official court order resolving a matter, often in family or equity cases.
Their divorce decree spelled out the terms of custody and property division.
A written document that transfers ownership of real estate from one person to another.
After closing, the deed was recorded with the county listing her as the new homeowner.
Failing to meet a legal obligation, such as not responding to a lawsuit or missing a payment.
Because he never answered the lawsuit, the court entered a default judgment against him.
A false statement that harms another persons reputation.
She sued the blogger for defamation after he falsely accused her of tax fraud.
The person or business being sued or charged with a crime.
The defendant sat next to his attorney as the prosecutor read the charges.
The private discussion jurors have to reach a verdict after a trial.
The jury reached a verdict after three hours of deliberation.
Sworn out-of-court testimony recorded before trial for use as evidence.
During her deposition, she described in detail what happened the day she was fired.
The idea that punishment discourages people from committing crimes in the future.
The judge imposed a harsher sentence as a deterrence to others considering similar fraud.
A gift of real estate given through a will.
The will contained a devise leaving the lake cabin to his oldest daughter.
Statements in a court opinion that are not essential to the decision and do not bind future courts.
The judges comments about social media were dicta, not a ruling on that issue.
The careful, steady effort required to meet a legal duty or investigate a matter.
Her lawyer showed diligence by quickly gathering receipts before the filing deadline.
A defense claiming a mental impairment kept the defendant from forming criminal intent.
His lawyer argued diminished capacity because of a severe head injury before the incident.
The revocation of a lawyers license to practice law as a punishment for misconduct.
The attorney faced disbarment after stealing money from a clients trust account.
The release of a person from a legal duty, debt, or obligation.
After bankruptcy, she received a discharge eliminating most of her credit card debt.
The sharing of information that the law requires a party to reveal.
The seller was required to make a disclosure about the leaking basement before closing.
The pre-trial process where each side requests evidence and information from the other.
During discovery, her lawyer obtained three years of emails between the executives.
A judges or officials authority to make a decision based on judgment within the law.
It was within the judges discretion to grant probation instead of jail time.
Unfair treatment of a person based on characteristics like race, gender, or religion.
He filed a discrimination complaint after being passed over for promotion because of his age.
A courts decision to end a case without a full trial or verdict.
The judge granted a dismissal of the lawsuit because the statute of limitations had run out.
A written opinion by a judge who disagrees with the majority decision.
Her dissent argued that the contract was clearly unfair to the tenants.
A federal courts authority to hear cases between citizens of different states.
Diversity jurisdiction allowed the Texas business to sue the California supplier in federal court.
The official list of cases or actions scheduled before a court.
The small claims docket for Tuesday had thirty disputes over unpaid security deposits.
A legal principle or rule developed over time through cases or statutes.
Under the doctrine of fair use, teachers can copy small excerpts for classroom lessons.
The place a person treats as their permanent legal home.
Even while working abroad, her domicile remained her family house in Ohio.
A constitutional rule that bars trying a person twice for the same criminal offense.
After being acquitted, double jeopardy prevented the state from charging him again for the same robbery.
The careful investigation a reasonable person performs before making a decision.
She did her due diligence by inspecting the house and checking the title before buying.
The constitutional guarantee of fair procedures before the government takes life, liberty, or property.
Firing a tenured teacher without a hearing would violate her right to due process.
Pressure or threats that force someone to act against their will.
She argued the confession was made under duress after hours of intimidating questioning.
A legal obligation to act with reasonable caution to avoid harming others.
A driver has a duty of care to watch for pedestrians in crosswalks.
A legal right to use part of someone elses land for a specific purpose.
The utility company had an easement to run power lines across the edge of her backyard.
The specific facts a prosecutor must prove to establish that a crime occurred.
To prove burglary, the state had to show every element, including unlawful entry and intent to steal.
Stealing money or property that was entrusted to you by an employer or client.
The bookkeeper was arrested for embezzlement after transferring company funds to her personal account.
A fast court order issued to prevent immediate harm before a full hearing.
She obtained an emergency order of protection the same day she reported her ex for stalking.
The governments power to take private property for public use with fair payment.
The state used eminent domain to buy several homes to build the new light-rail station.
A claim, lien, or restriction on property that affects its use or value.
The unpaid tax lien was an encumbrance that had to be cleared before the house could be sold.
To order someone through a court injunction to stop or start a specific action.
The court moved to enjoin the company from dumping waste into the creek.
A defense claiming law enforcement tricked someone into committing a crime they otherwise would not.
He raised entrapment after the undercover officer repeatedly pressured him to sell the drugs.
The constitutional promise that the government will treat similar people similarly under the law.
The equal protection clause barred the state from letting only one race use the public pool.
A court remedy other than money, like ordering someone to act or stop acting.
Because the painting was one of a kind, she sought equitable relief to force the seller to deliver it.
Fairness-based principles courts apply when strict legal rules would lead to an unjust result.
In equity, the court allowed her to keep the improvements she made to the wrongly transferred land.
Money or documents held by a neutral third party until specific conditions are met.
Her down payment sat in escrow until the home inspection was completed.
All the property, money, and debts a person owns, especially at the time of death.
His estate was divided among his three children according to his will.
A legal rule preventing someone from taking a position that contradicts their earlier words or actions.
Estoppel blocked the employer from firing her for a rule she was told did not apply.
The professional rules of conduct lawyers, judges, and others must follow.
Legal ethics forbid a lawyer from representing both sides in the same divorce.
Anything presented in court to prove or disprove a fact, including testimony and documents.
The photos of the dented car served as evidence of the collision.
Describing evidence that tends to clear a defendant of guilt.
The surveillance video was exculpatory because it showed he was across town during the robbery.
A legal action or hearing involving only one side, without notifying the other.
She obtained an ex parte restraining order because waiting would have put her in danger.
A valid reason that excuses missing a legal deadline, such as illness or a true emergency.
The court accepted excusable neglect when her hospitalization caused her to miss the filing date.
The person named in a will to carry out the deceaseds wishes and settle the estate.
As executor, he paid his mothers final bills and distributed her belongings to her heirs.
A document or object formally introduced as evidence in a court proceeding.
The signed contract was marked as Exhibit A during the trial.
A witness with specialized training or knowledge who helps the jury understand technical issues.
The accident reconstruction expert witness testified about how fast each car was going.
A specific, stated promise by a seller about a products quality or features.
The dealers written express warranty promised the transmission would work for 60,000 miles.
The formal surrender of a person accused of a crime from one jurisdiction to another.
After his arrest in Florida, extradition sent him back to Arizona to face the charges.
A rule allowing limited use of copyrighted material without permission for things like teaching or commentary.
Quoting a paragraph from a novel in a book review usually qualifies as fair use.
Unlawfully holding a person against their will without legal authority.
The store manager faced a false imprisonment claim after locking a customer in an office for an hour.
The area of law covering marriage, divorce, custody, adoption, and related matters.
She hired a family law attorney to help her with the custody and child support dispute.
A court that handles cases involving federal laws, the Constitution, or disputes across state lines.
He filed his civil rights lawsuit in federal court rather than state court.
The most complete form of property ownership, giving the owner full rights to the land.
They purchased the lot in fee simple, meaning they could build, sell, or pass it to their children.
A serious crime usually punishable by more than one year in prison.
Armed robbery is a felony that can result in many years behind bars.
A person legally required to act in another persons best interest, like a trustee or guardian.
As her grandmothers fiduciary, she had to manage the bank accounts carefully and honestly.
The act of formally submitting a document to a court or government agency.
Her tax filing was postmarked the day before the deadline.
A judges or jurys formal conclusion about a fact or legal issue in a case.
The judge made a finding that the landlord had not returned the security deposit on time.
A legal issue presented to a court for the very first time, with no prior ruling to follow.
Whether drone deliveries counted as trespassing was a case of first impression in the county.
Personal property attached to real estate so it becomes part of the property.
The built-in dishwasher was a fixture that stayed with the house after the sale.
The legal process a lender uses to take and sell property when a borrower fails to pay the mortgage.
After six missed mortgage payments, the bank started foreclosure on their home.
The loss of property or rights as a penalty for wrongdoing or breaking a rule.
The court ordered forfeiture of the car police said was used to transport drugs.
The crime of creating or altering a document with intent to defraud.
He was charged with forgery for signing his brothers name on the loan paperwork.
The preliminary evidence a lawyer must offer before a piece of evidence can be admitted.
The lawyer laid a foundation by asking the witness how she knew the handwriting was her bosss.
Intentional deception used to gain money, property, or an advantage from someone.
The contractor committed fraud by collecting a deposit and then disappearing without starting the work.
Describing a claim or lawsuit that has no serious legal basis.
The judge called the lawsuit frivolous and ordered the filer to pay the other sides legal fees.
Describing goods or items that are interchangeable because one unit is the same as another.
Bushels of wheat are fungible, so any bushel of the same grade will satisfy the contract.
A court-ordered process of taking money directly from someone's wages or bank account to pay a debt.
After failing to pay child support, his wages were subject to garnishment.
A court's authority to hear a wide variety of cases rather than only a specific type.
The state superior court has general jurisdiction over most civil and criminal matters.
Honest intent to act fairly and without taking unfair advantage of another party.
The landlord negotiated the lease renewal in good faith with his longtime tenant.
A law that protects people from being sued when they voluntarily help someone in an emergency.
Thanks to the Good Samaritan law, the bystander who performed CPR could not be sued.
The specific state or country whose laws will be used to interpret a contract.
The employment agreement stated that California was the governing law for any disputes.
A group of citizens that decides whether there is enough evidence to charge someone with a serious crime.
The grand jury reviewed the prosecutor's evidence before issuing an indictment.
Given or done freely without payment or expectation of something in return.
Her gratuitous offer to watch the neighbor's kids was not a legally binding promise.
A formal complaint filed by an employee or member about unfair treatment or a rules violation.
The union member filed a grievance after being passed over for a promotion.
An extreme lack of care that shows reckless disregard for the safety of others.
The driver's decision to text at 80 mph was considered gross negligence.
A person legally appointed to care for a minor or an adult who cannot care for themselves.
After the accident, the grandmother became the legal guardian of her two grandchildren.
A person appointed by a court to represent a child's or incapacitated adult's interests in a legal case.
The judge assigned a guardian ad litem to speak for the child during the custody dispute.
A formal finding or plea that a person committed the crime they were charged with.
The jury found him guilty of shoplifting after reviewing the store's video footage.
A legal action that forces the government to justify why a person is being held in custody.
Her attorney filed a habeas corpus petition arguing that her arrest was unlawful.
Unwanted, repeated behavior that threatens, intimidates, or creates a hostile environment for another person.
She reported her coworker to HR for harassment after repeated inappropriate comments.
A formal proceeding before a judge where each side presents arguments or evidence on a specific issue.
The tenant had to attend an eviction hearing at the county courthouse.
An out-of-court statement offered in court to prove what it says, usually not allowed as evidence.
The judge excluded the witness's testimony about what his neighbor said as hearsay.
A person legally entitled to inherit money or property from someone who has died.
As the only child, she was the sole heir to her father's small estate.
A renter who stays in a property after the lease has ended without the landlord's permission.
The landlord began eviction proceedings against the holdover tenant who refused to leave.
The killing of one person by another, which may or may not be a crime.
Police investigated the shooting as a homicide before determining whether charges were warranted.
A witness whose testimony is clearly opposed to the side that called them to testify.
The judge allowed leading questions after the defendant's brother was declared a hostile witness.
A workplace made intimidating or abusive through ongoing discrimination or harassment.
She sued her employer for allowing a hostile work environment based on her gender.
A jury that cannot reach the unanimous or required verdict needed to decide a case.
The trial ended in a hung jury, so the prosecutor had to decide whether to retry the case.
Pledging property as security for a loan without giving up possession of it.
The small business owner used hypothecation of her equipment to secure a bank loan.
A question based on assumed facts used to get an expert witness's opinion.
The lawyer posed a hypothetical question to the medical expert about the patient's likely recovery.
Legal protection from being sued or prosecuted for certain actions.
The witness received immunity from prosecution in exchange for testifying against the ringleader.
The process of challenging a witness's credibility or formally charging a public official with misconduct.
The defense attorney used prior inconsistent statements for impeachment of the key witness.
Understood or assumed even though not directly stated in words.
By entering the store, shoppers give implied consent to be recorded on security cameras.
An unwritten guarantee that a product will work as a buyer reasonably expects.
The broken blender violated the implied warranty that it would actually blend food.
A private review or hearing by a judge held outside the presence of the public or jury.
The judge examined the sensitive documents in camera before deciding if they could be used at trial.
Acting in the role of a parent without being the child's legal parent.
During the school day, teachers act in loco parentis for their students.
A legal action directed against a piece of property rather than a specific person.
The city filed an in rem action against the abandoned house to force its cleanup.
Legally unable to understand or participate in a legal matter due to mental condition.
The court ruled the elderly man incompetent to sign the new will after his dementia diagnosis.
To promise to cover someone else's losses or legal costs if something goes wrong.
The contract required the contractor to indemnify the homeowner for any injuries on the job site.
A formal charge by a grand jury accusing someone of a serious crime.
The federal grand jury handed down an indictment for wire fraud and tax evasion.
A minor violation of a law that usually results in a fine rather than jail time.
Running a stop sign is typically treated as a traffic infraction, not a crime.
The unauthorized use of someone else's legal rights, such as a copyright or trademark.
The band sued the advertiser for copyright infringement after their song was used without permission.
Money or property received from someone who has died.
She used her small inheritance from her aunt as a down payment on a house.
A court order that requires a person or company to stop doing a specific action.
The judge issued an injunction preventing the developer from cutting down the old trees.
A legal argument that a defendant should not be held responsible due to severe mental illness at the time of the crime.
His attorney used the insanity defense, arguing he could not tell right from wrong during the incident.
Buying or selling company stock based on private information not available to the public.
The executive was charged with insider trading after selling shares before bad news was announced.
Directions given by a judge to the jury explaining the law they must apply.
Before deliberations, the judge read the jury instruction on reasonable doubt.
Creations of the mind, such as inventions, logos, and writings, that are protected by law.
The startup filed a patent to protect the intellectual property behind its new app.
A person's purpose or state of mind when performing an action, especially a crime.
To prove burglary, the prosecutor had to show he entered the home with the intent to steal.
A civil wrong committed on purpose rather than by accident or negligence.
Punching a coworker at a company party could lead to an intentional tort claim for battery.
A temporary court decision made during a case, not the final ruling.
The judge's interlocutory order required the parents to share custody while the divorce continued.
Written questions sent by one side of a lawsuit that the other side must answer under oath.
The plaintiff's lawyer sent interrogatories asking the trucking company about its safety inspections.
Describing someone who dies without leaving a valid will.
Because he died intestate, state law decided how his savings were divided.
The unlawful intrusion into someone's private life, communications, or personal information.
She sued the tabloid for invasion of privacy after it published photos taken inside her home.
Unintentionally causing someone's death through reckless or careless behavior.
The drunk driver was charged with involuntary manslaughter after the fatal crash.
Damage that cannot be fixed or fully compensated with money.
The homeowner argued the pipeline would cause irreparable harm to the family's well water.
A specific point of law or fact in dispute, or a person's direct descendants.
His will left the farm to be divided equally among his issue.
Combining multiple parties or claims into a single lawsuit.
Through joinder, all four injured passengers sued the rideshare driver in one case.
A rule letting an injured person collect full damages from any one of several responsible parties.
Because of joint and several liability, the bar paid the full judgment even though two customers also caused the fight.
A form of shared property ownership where the survivor automatically inherits the deceased owner's share.
The married couple bought their house in joint tenancy so it would pass directly to the survivor.
A public official with authority to hear cases and make legal decisions in court.
The judge set a date for the next hearing before ending the courtroom session.
A court's official decision that settles the rights or duties of the parties in a case.
The small claims court entered a judgment ordering the roofer to refund her deposit.
A judge's acceptance of a widely known fact as true without requiring formal proof.
The judge took judicial notice that July 4th fell on a Thursday that year.
A court's power to examine and strike down government actions or laws that violate the constitution.
Under judicial review, the court found the new city ordinance unconstitutional.
A court's official power to hear a case based on location, subject, or parties involved.
The traffic ticket was dismissed because the officer issued it outside his jurisdiction.
The study and philosophy of law, including its principles and reasoning.
Her jurisprudence class examined how courts balance free speech against public safety.
A group of citizens chosen to hear evidence in a trial and decide the facts.
The jury deliberated for three hours before reaching a verdict.
A legitimate, fair reason for taking an action, such as firing an employee.
Under the union contract, she could only be fired for just cause like theft or repeated tardiness.
Describing a dispute that is appropriate and capable of being resolved by a court.
The judge ruled that the neighbors' fence dispute was justiciable and set a hearing date.
The crime of taking or holding a person against their will by force or threat.
The non-custodial parent was charged with kidnapping for taking the child across state lines.
A person's relatives, especially those connected by blood.
The hospital staff asked whether he had any kin they should contact.
The idea that people should understand their legal protections before interacting with police or authorities.
The community workshop taught attendees to know your rights during traffic stops.
Done with awareness that an action is wrong, illegal, or likely to cause harm.
He was convicted of the knowing sale of counterfeit medication to customers.
Information a person is legally treated as knowing because they should have known it.
The landlord had constructive knowledge of the broken stair because tenants complained for months.
A legal defense that blocks a claim because the person waited too long to bring it.
The court rejected her lawsuit under laches because she sat on her claim for twelve years.
A person or company that rents out property to a tenant.
The landlord agreed to fix the leaky faucet within the week.
The unlawful taking of someone else's personal property with the intent to keep it.
He was charged with larceny for stealing a bicycle from a school rack.
A question that suggests the answer the questioner wants the witness to give.
The judge sustained the objection because the attorney asked a leading question on direct examination.
A written contract that lets someone use property for a set time in exchange for payment.
She signed a twelve-month lease for the downtown apartment.
Free or low-cost legal help provided to people who cannot afford a private attorney.
Legal aid helped the single mother fight an unfair eviction.
The right to make major decisions about a child's upbringing, such as schooling and medical care.
The divorce decree gave both parents joint legal custody of their son.
Professional negligence by an attorney that harms a client's case.
He sued his former lawyer for legal malpractice after missing a key filing deadline cost him the case.
A court order allowing spouses to live apart with legal rules but remain married.
They chose legal separation instead of divorce so they could keep her health insurance.
The purpose lawmakers had in mind when they passed a statute.
The court looked at committee reports to determine the legislative intent behind the new privacy law.
A consumer protection law that helps buyers of seriously defective vehicles get a refund or replacement.
After four failed repair visits, she used the state lemon law to return her new car.
A written statement outlining the main terms of a planned agreement before a formal contract is signed.
The buyer signed a letter of intent to purchase the restaurant pending final inspection.
Legal responsibility for paying damages or facing punishment for one's actions.
The store owner carried insurance to cover any liability if a customer slipped and fell.
A false written statement that damages someone's reputation.
The celebrity sued the blogger for libel over the made-up story.
Official permission to do something that would otherwise be illegal or restricted.
The bakery obtained a business license before opening its doors to the public.
A legal claim against property to secure payment of a debt.
The contractor placed a lien on the house after the homeowner refused to pay for the remodel.
The legal time limit for starting a lawsuit or filing criminal charges.
Her slip-and-fall claim was barred by the two-year statute of limitations.
A person involved in a lawsuit as either the party suing or being sued.
Both litigants arrived early for the mediation session.
The process of taking a legal dispute through the court system.
After months of litigation, the two companies finally reached a settlement.
A legal arrangement that holds a person's assets during life and distributes them after death without probate.
She set up a living trust so her kids could inherit the house without going through probate.
A written document stating what medical care a person wants if they can no longer decide for themselves.
His living will made clear he did not want to be kept on life support.
A legal claim for losing the companionship, affection, or support of a spouse due to injury.
She added a loss of consortium claim after the crash left her husband unable to work or socialize.
A judicial officer who handles minor cases and early steps in more serious ones.
The magistrate set bail at the defendant's first court appearance.
The age at which a person is legally recognized as an adult, usually eighteen.
When she reached the age of majority, she could sign her own apartment lease.
The intent to harm someone or to act with reckless disregard for their rights.
The jury found the newspaper acted with malice when it published the false accusation.
A lawsuit against someone who wrongly started a baseless criminal or civil case to harm another person.
After the charges were dropped, he sued his accuser for malicious prosecution.
Professional misconduct or failure to meet expected standards, causing harm to a client or patient.
The family filed a medical malpractice claim after the surgeon operated on the wrong knee.
A court order forcing a government official or agency to do a required duty.
She sought a writ of mandamus to force the county clerk to issue her marriage license.
Required by law or rule, with no option to refuse or change it.
The judge applied the mandatory minimum sentence required by state law.
Unlawfully causing a person's death without the planning or intent required for murder.
A sudden fight that turned deadly led to a manslaughter charge rather than murder.
Assets a married couple acquires during the marriage that may be divided in a divorce.
The house they bought after the wedding was considered marital property.
Important enough to affect a decision, outcome, or legal result.
Hiding the roof leak was a material misrepresentation that voided the home sale.
A process where a neutral person helps two sides try to settle a dispute without going to court.
The divorcing couple used mediation to agree on a parenting schedule.
A written document submitted to a court that explains legal arguments and supporting authority.
The attorney filed a memorandum of law arguing the case should be dismissed.
The mental state, such as intent or recklessness, required to prove a crime.
Without the necessary mens rea, the prosecutor could not prove burglary.
A decision based on the actual facts and law of a case rather than on technicalities.
The judge dismissed the case on the merits after hearing all the evidence.
A person under the legal age of adulthood, usually eighteen.
As a minor, the teenager needed a parent's signature to get a tattoo.
Warnings police must give before questioning someone in custody, including the right to remain silent and to an attorney.
The officer read him his Miranda rights before asking any questions at the station.
A crime less serious than a felony, usually punishable by a fine or up to a year in jail.
Shoplifting a low-priced item is often charged as a misdemeanor.
A false or misleading statement of fact that causes another person to take action.
The used-car dealer's misrepresentation about the mileage led to a refund lawsuit.
A trial ended early and declared invalid because of a serious error or a deadlocked jury.
The judge declared a mistrial after learning a juror had discussed the case on social media.
Actions taken to reduce harm, damages, or the severity of a penalty.
After losing his job, he had a duty of mitigation to actively look for new work.
The crime of hiding the illegal source of money by moving it through legitimate-looking transactions.
The restaurant was used for money laundering to disguise profits from drug sales.
No longer relevant because the underlying issue has already been resolved or no longer matters.
The lawsuit over the canceled concert became moot after the venue issued full refunds.
A loan used to buy property where the property itself is pledged as security.
They took out a thirty-year mortgage to purchase their first home.
A formal request asking a judge to make a specific ruling or take a specific action.
The defense attorney filed a motion to exclude the improperly obtained evidence.
The reason a person had for doing something, especially committing a crime.
Investigators identified a financial motive for the embezzlement.
A local court that handles matters like traffic tickets and city ordinance violations.
He went to municipal court to contest his parking citation.
An actual human being, as opposed to a company or other legal entity.
The small claims form asked whether the defendant was a natural person or a business.
A legal defense that breaking a law was justified to prevent a greater harm.
She raised the defense of necessity, explaining she ran the red light to get her bleeding son to the ER.
Failing to use the level of care a reasonable person would use, causing harm to another.
The grocery store's negligence in leaving a spill unmarked led to the customer's broken wrist.
A written document, such as a check, that promises to pay a specific amount and can be transferred to others.
A personal check is a common negotiable instrument used to pay rent.
The closest living relatives of a person, often important for medical or inheritance decisions.
The hospital contacted his next of kin after the accident.
A will provision that disinherits anyone who challenges the will in court.
The no-contest clause discouraged her siblings from fighting over the will.
A plea where a defendant does not admit guilt but accepts the punishment.
He entered a plea of nolo contendere to the traffic charge to avoid a trial.
A contract that legally prevents someone from sharing specific confidential information.
Before starting the job, she signed a non-disclosure agreement about the company's product plans.
An official who verifies identities and witnesses the signing of important documents.
She took her power of attorney form to a notary public at the bank.
An official communication informing someone of a legal action, right, or deadline.
The landlord served a thirty-day notice to vacate the apartment.
Replacing an existing contract or party with a new one, releasing the original obligation.
Through novation, the new tenant took over the lease and the old tenant was released.
Unreasonable use of property that interferes with a neighbor's ability to enjoy their own.
The neighbor's all-night auto repair shop was declared a nuisance by the court.
A formal promise to tell the truth or carry out a duty, often made on a solemn basis.
The witness took an oath before giving testimony.
A formal protest raised during a trial to challenge evidence or a question asked.
The defense attorney raised an objection when the prosecutor asked a leading question.
The crime of interfering with the work of police, investigators, or the courts.
Destroying evidence during an active investigation can result in obstruction of justice charges.
A proposal to enter into a contract on specific terms, capable of being accepted.
She made an offer to buy the house for two hundred thousand dollars.
Any person with a duty to uphold the legal system, such as a judge, lawyer, or bailiff.
As an officer of the court, the attorney must report fraud on the tribunal.
A lawyer's initial address to the jury outlining the case they intend to present.
The prosecutor used her opening statement to preview the key witnesses.
A written explanation by a court of the reasoning behind its decision in a case.
The appellate court issued a lengthy opinion affirming the lower ruling.
Spoken presentation by attorneys to a court, usually on appeal, explaining their positions.
Each side was given thirty minutes for oral argument before the justices.
A written directive issued by a judge requiring a party to do or refrain from something.
The judge signed an order requiring the company to produce the documents.
The authority of a court to hear a case for the first time, rather than on appeal.
Trial courts generally have original jurisdiction over civil disputes.
An agreement between parties that resolves a dispute without a court trial.
They reached an out-of-court settlement the day before the trial was set to begin.
To reject an objection or overturn a prior court decision.
The judge chose to overrule the defense's objection and allow the testimony.
An open, visible action taken to further a criminal plan, especially in conspiracy cases.
Buying the mask and gloves was the overt act that advanced the conspiracy.
The supervised early release of a prisoner before completing the full sentence.
After serving five years, he was granted parole for good behavior.
A person or entity directly involved in a lawsuit or contract.
Both parties signed the lease before the tenants moved in.
A government-granted right giving an inventor exclusive control over an invention for a set time.
The engineer filed a patent for her new battery design.
The legal recognition of a man as the biological or legal father of a child.
A DNA test confirmed paternity and established child support obligations.
The right of a party to reject a potential juror without giving a reason.
Each attorney used a peremptory challenge to dismiss a juror during selection.
The crime of knowingly making a false statement while under oath.
He was charged with perjury after lying about his whereabouts on the stand.
Physical or emotional harm suffered by a person due to another's negligence or wrongdoing.
She filed a personal injury lawsuit after slipping on the unmarked wet floor.
A formal written request asking a court or official to take a specific action.
They filed a petition with the family court to modify custody arrangements.
The person or entity who initiates a civil lawsuit by filing a complaint.
The plaintiff sought damages for the injuries caused by the accident.
A defendant's formal response of guilty, not guilty, or no contest in a criminal case.
At arraignment, the defendant entered a plea of not guilty.
An agreement where a defendant pleads guilty in exchange for a reduced charge or sentence.
She accepted a plea bargain to avoid the risk of a longer prison term at trial.
A formal written statement filed with the court stating a party's claims or defenses.
The attorney drafted a pleading responding to each allegation in the complaint.
An indirect veto where an executive kills a bill by not signing it before a legislative session ends.
The governor used a pocket veto to block the bill without formally rejecting it.
The authority of a government to regulate behavior to protect public health, safety, and welfare.
The city invoked its police power to enforce new noise ordinances.
The physical control or holding of property, whether lawful or not.
Officers found him in possession of stolen electronics.
A legal document giving one person authority to act on another's behalf.
He signed a power of attorney so his daughter could manage his finances.
A prior court decision that guides how similar future cases should be decided.
The judge relied on precedent from a 1985 appellate ruling.
Harm or disadvantage to a party's legal rights, or unfair bias affecting a proceeding.
The case was dismissed with prejudice, preventing the plaintiff from refiling.
A pretrial proceeding where a judge decides if enough evidence exists to go to trial.
At the preliminary hearing, the judge found probable cause to proceed.
The act of thinking about and planning a crime before committing it.
Evidence of premeditation elevated the charge to first-degree murder.
The standard of proof in most civil cases, meaning something is more likely true than not.
The jury found the company liable under a preponderance of evidence standard.
A legal assumption that a fact is true unless proven otherwise.
A defendant enjoys the presumption of innocence until proven guilty.
A false reason given to hide the real motive behind an action.
The employee claimed his firing was a pretext for age discrimination.
Sufficient on its face to establish a fact or case unless rebutted.
The documents provided prima facie evidence of the signed agreement.
A government action that blocks speech or publication before it occurs.
Courts rarely allow prior restraint because it conflicts with free speech protections.
Describing legal services provided free of charge for the public good.
The firm took the case pro bono to help the homeless shelter fight eviction.
Representing oneself in court without a lawyer.
She appeared pro se at the small claims hearing.
A reasonable basis to believe a crime occurred or that evidence is in a specific place.
Officers needed probable cause before obtaining the search warrant.
The court-supervised process of validating a will and distributing a deceased person's estate.
The house had to go through probate before it could be sold.
A court-ordered period of supervision in the community instead of time in jail.
He received two years of probation and regular check-ins with an officer.
A person authorized to deliver legal documents like summonses or subpoenas.
The process server handed the defendant the lawsuit papers at his office.
A written promise to pay a specific sum of money to another party on demand or at a set time.
He signed a promissory note agreeing to repay the loan within one year.
Evidence strong enough to establish the truth of a fact to the required legal standard.
The receipts served as proof of the delivery date.
The attorney who represents the government in criminal cases against defendants.
The prosecutor called three witnesses during the morning session.
A court order designed to protect a person from harassment, abuse, or contact by another.
She obtained a protective order barring her ex-partner from her workplace.
The primary cause that directly leads to an injury, making liability possible.
The driver's texting was the proximate cause of the collision.
A government-appointed lawyer who represents defendants unable to afford private counsel.
A public defender was assigned to handle his drug possession charge.
Money awarded to punish a defendant for especially harmful conduct and deter similar acts.
The jury awarded punitive damages after finding the manufacturer acted recklessly.
A legal shield protecting government officials from civil suits unless they violated clearly established rights.
The officer claimed qualified immunity in response to the excessive force lawsuit.
To void or set aside a court order, subpoena, or indictment.
The judge agreed to quash the subpoena as overly broad.
An exchange in which one thing is given in return for another, often in contracts or harassment cases.
Offering a promotion in exchange for a date is classic quid pro quo harassment.
A tenant's right to use rented property without unreasonable interference from the landlord.
The landlord's constant unannounced visits violated her right to quiet enjoyment.
A document transferring whatever interest a grantor has in real property, without guarantees.
She signed a quitclaim deed transferring her share of the house to her brother.
The minimum number of members required to be present for a group to conduct official business.
The board postponed the vote because they lacked a quorum.
The formal approval of a contract or action that makes it legally binding.
The board's ratification of the agreement finalized the merger.
Land and anything permanently attached to it, such as buildings or trees.
The farm and its barns count as real property in the estate.
The high level of certainty required for a criminal conviction, based on evidence.
The jurors acquitted because the state could not eliminate all reasonable doubt.
A hypothetical average person used as a standard to judge whether behavior was appropriate.
A reasonable person would have slowed down in the heavy fog.
Evidence or argument offered to contradict or disprove an opposing party's claims.
The plaintiff called an expert in rebuttal to counter the defense's witness.
The tendency of a convicted person to commit additional crimes after punishment.
Job training programs aim to reduce recidivism among former inmates.
The removal of a judge from a case because of a conflict of interest or bias.
The judge agreed to recusal after discovering a family tie to a witness.
A remedy or compensation provided to correct a wrong or injury.
The customer sought redress after the defective product caused a fire.
A person appointed by a court to investigate issues or oversee specific procedures.
The court appointed a referee to handle the complex accounting dispute.
A court-ordered revision of a contract to reflect the parties' true intentions.
The judge ordered reformation of the deed to correct the typo in the property description.
A document giving up a legal claim or right against another party.
She signed a release in exchange for the insurance settlement check.
To send a case back to a lower court for further action or reconsideration.
The appellate court chose to remand the case for a new sentencing hearing.
The means a court uses to enforce a right or compensate for a harm.
Monetary damages were the only practical remedy for the breach.
A lawsuit to recover personal property wrongfully taken or held by someone else.
He filed a replevin action to get his stolen tools back from the repair shop.
The cancellation of a contract, returning both parties to their positions before the agreement.
She sought rescission after discovering the seller misrepresented the car's mileage.
The return of money or property to its rightful owner, often ordered as part of a sentence.
The court ordered him to pay restitution to the victim of the fraud.
A court order requiring a person to refrain from specific actions, like contacting another.
The judge issued a temporary restraining order barring contact between the neighbors.
A fee paid upfront to secure a lawyer's services or ongoing availability.
The client paid a five-thousand-dollar retainer before the attorney began work.
Punishment imposed as deserved consequence for a crime, not for deterrence or rehabilitation.
Some argue the death penalty serves retribution more than prevention.
A trial mistake serious enough to justify overturning a verdict on appeal.
Admitting the coerced confession was a reversible error requiring a new trial.
A legally protected interest or entitlement that a person can enforce.
Every defendant has a right to remain silent during police questioning.
The rights of a landowner whose property borders a river or stream to use its water.
Her riparian rights allowed her to draw water for her cattle from the creek.
A penalty imposed by a court for violating rules or orders, or formal approval of an action.
The judge imposed a sanction on the attorney for missing the filing deadline.
A court-issued document authorizing police to search a specific place for evidence.
Officers presented a search warrant before entering the suspect's home.
A classification for crimes that are serious but less so than first-degree offenses.
He was charged with second-degree murder because the killing was not premeditated.
Conduct or speech inciting rebellion against the authority of the government.
The pamphlets were seized on suspicion of encouraging sedition.
The taking of a person or property into legal custody by authorities.
The Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable search and seizure.
The use of reasonable force to protect oneself from immediate harm.
The jury accepted her self-defense claim and returned a not guilty verdict.
Providing testimony or evidence that could expose oneself to criminal prosecution.
He invoked the Fifth Amendment to avoid self-incrimination.
The punishment imposed by a court on a person convicted of a crime.
The judge handed down a sentence of three years in prison.
The division of government authority among legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
Separation of powers prevents any one branch from dominating the others.
The formal delivery of legal documents that notify someone of a lawsuit or court action.
Proper service of process ensures the defendant knows about the case.
An agreement ending a dispute, often involving payment or other terms.
The parties reached a settlement before the case went to trial.
Unwelcome sexual advances or conduct that creates a hostile work or school environment.
She filed a complaint alleging repeated sexual harassment by her supervisor.
A false spoken statement that damages another person's reputation.
He sued for slander after his neighbor told others he was a thief.
A court that handles minor civil disputes with simplified procedures and low dollar limits.
She took the dry cleaner to small claims court over her ruined coat.
An arrangement giving one parent exclusive legal or physical custody of a child.
The judge awarded her sole custody based on the child's best interests.
A lawyer who advises clients and prepares legal documents, primarily in the British legal system.
The family hired a solicitor to handle the house purchase in London.
A legal doctrine protecting governments from being sued without their consent.
The lawsuit was dismissed on grounds of sovereign immunity.
Monetary compensation for specific, quantifiable losses like medical bills or lost wages.
She claimed special damages for her hospital costs and missed paychecks.
A court order requiring a party to fulfill the exact terms of a contract.
The buyer asked for specific performance to force the sale of the unique property.
A defendant's constitutional right to have their case heard without unreasonable delay.
He invoked his right to a speedy trial to pressure the prosecution.
The right to refuse to testify against one's spouse or disclose marital communications.
She invoked spousal privilege and declined to testify about her husband's statements.
The level of caution a reasonable person or professional would use in a given situation.
The surgeon failed to meet the standard of care expected in the field.
A party's right to bring a lawsuit, based on a direct stake in the issue.
The court dismissed the case because the plaintiff lacked standing to sue.
The legal principle that courts should follow precedent set by earlier decisions.
Under stare decisis, the court adhered to its long-standing interpretation.
A written law enacted by a legislative body.
The new statute increased penalties for distracted driving.
A law setting the maximum time after an event within which legal action can be brought.
The statute of limitations for the claim expired three years after the injury.
A court order temporarily halting legal proceedings or enforcement of a ruling.
The appeals court granted a stay pending review of the judgment.
An agreement between parties about certain facts or procedures, avoiding the need to prove them.
Both sides signed a stipulation acknowledging the authenticity of the emails.
Legal responsibility for harm that applies regardless of fault or intent.
Dog owners often face strict liability for bites by their pets.
A legal order requiring a person to appear in court or produce documents.
The witness received a subpoena to testify on Monday morning.
The substitution of one party for another in pursuing a legal claim, often by an insurer.
After paying the claim, the insurer used subrogation to recover from the at-fault driver.
The body of law that defines rights and duties, as opposed to procedures for enforcing them.
Contract and tort rules are core examples of substantive law.
A court decision made without a full trial when the facts are not in dispute.
The judge granted summary judgment because the evidence was undisputed.
An official notice requiring a person to appear in court or respond to a lawsuit.
He received a summons informing him of the lawsuit and response deadline.
The constitutional rule making federal law prevail over conflicting state laws.
Under the Supremacy Clause, the federal statute overrode the local ordinance.
A person or court acting in place of another, often in estates or parenting arrangements.
The surrogate court handled the distribution of the estate assets.
Physical property that can be touched or moved, such as vehicles, furniture, or tools.
The will divided the tangible property among her three children.
A person who rents or occupies property owned by another under a lease.
The tenant paid rent on the first of every month.
A person who has made and left a valid will at the time of their death.
The testator signed the will in the presence of two witnesses.
Evidence given by a witness under oath during a legal proceeding.
Her testimony about the accident lasted most of the afternoon.
A person or entity not directly involved in a contract or lawsuit but affected by it.
The contractor was brought in as a third party to the dispute.
Legal ownership of property, or the document proving that ownership.
He received the title to the car after paying off the loan.
A civil wrong, other than breach of contract, that causes harm and can lead to liability.
Negligence is the most common type of tort brought in civil court.
A person who commits a tort, making them liable for resulting damages.
The driver who ran the red light was named as the tortfeasor.
A symbol, word, or phrase legally registered to identify a product or brand.
The company registered a trademark for its distinctive logo.
The crime of betraying one's country, such as by aiding enemies or waging war against it.
Treason is one of the few crimes specifically defined in the Constitution.
The unlawful entry onto another person's property without permission.
The hikers were cited for trespass after crossing into the private ranch.
A formal court proceeding in which evidence is presented to resolve a legal dispute.
The trial lasted two weeks before the jury reached a verdict.
A new trial where the case is retried from the beginning, ignoring the first result.
She requested a trial de novo after losing in the lower court.
A legal arrangement where one party holds property for the benefit of another.
She set up a trust to manage funds for her children's education.
A person or entity responsible for managing a trust's property for its beneficiaries.
The trustee invested the trust funds and paid out the quarterly distributions.
A federal requirement that lenders clearly disclose credit terms and costs to borrowers.
The bank's truth in lending statement showed the full cost of the mortgage.
Describing a contract or term so unfair that a court will refuse to enforce it.
The judge struck down the fee clause as unconscionable.
In conflict with the constitution and therefore invalid as law.
The Supreme Court ruled the state law unconstitutional.
Improper pressure that overcomes a person's free will in making a legal decision.
The will was challenged on grounds of undue influence by the caretaker.
Involving only one party, such as a decision or contract offer.
The company made a unilateral decision to change the benefits plan.
A legal claim where one party unfairly benefits at another's expense and should repay.
She sued for unjust enrichment after the contractor kept her deposit without doing the work.
A legal action by a landlord to evict a tenant who remains after their right to stay has ended.
He filed an unlawful detainer action after the tenant stopped paying rent.
The practice of charging interest on a loan at a rate higher than the law allows.
The lender was sued for usury after charging forty percent annual interest.
The crime of knowingly presenting a forged document as if it were genuine.
He was charged with uttering for passing the counterfeit check at the bank.
To set aside or cancel a court judgment or order.
The appeals court chose to vacate the conviction and order a new trial.
Legally binding, properly executed, and enforceable.
The notarized contract was a valid agreement between the parties.
The intentional destruction or damage of another person's property.
Spray-painting the storefront led to charges of vandalism.
An official permission to deviate from a zoning or building rule.
She applied for a variance to build a taller fence than the code allowed.
The specific geographic location or court where a case is heard.
The defense asked for a change of venue due to local media coverage.
The formal decision of a jury or judge at the end of a trial.
After three days of deliberation, the jury returned a guilty verdict.
Describing a right or interest that is absolute and cannot be taken away.
After five years, her pension benefits became fully vested.
Legal responsibility one party bears for the actions of another, such as an employer for an employee.
The company faced vicarious liability when its delivery driver caused the crash.
The process of questioning potential jurors to decide who will serve on a jury.
During voir dire, the attorneys asked about each juror's background.
Done freely and without compulsion or improper pressure.
The confession was ruled voluntary and admissible at trial.
The voluntary giving up of a known legal right or claim.
He signed a waiver before joining the skydiving class.
A person, often a minor or incapacitated adult, placed under the protection of a guardian or court.
After her parents' accident, she became a ward of her aunt.
A court order authorizing an official action like an arrest, search, or seizure.
The judge issued an arrest warrant based on the officer's sworn statement.
A promise or guarantee about the quality or condition of goods or property.
The new washing machine came with a three-year warranty.
A person who reports illegal or unethical conduct within an organization.
The whistleblower exposed the accounting fraud to federal regulators.
A legal document expressing how a person wants their property distributed after death.
She updated her will after the birth of her first grandchild.
Done intentionally and with awareness, not by accident or mistake.
The jury found the violation to be willful and awarded extra damages.
A person who testifies under oath about what they saw, heard, or know.
The neighbor served as a witness to the car accident.
Work created by an employee or contractor where the employer owns the copyright.
The illustrations were a work for hire, so the publisher owned the rights.
Materials prepared by an attorney in anticipation of litigation, protected from disclosure.
The judge shielded the lawyer's notes as attorney work product.
A formal written order issued by a court commanding or forbidding a specific action.
The court issued a writ ordering the sheriff to enforce the judgment.
A civil claim brought when a person dies due to another party's negligence or wrongdoing.
The family filed a wrongful death suit against the trucking company.
A mark made in place of a signature, often used by those unable to write their name.
The witness attested that the elderly man's X-mark signature was made voluntarily.
Prejudice or discrimination against people from other countries, which can form the basis of a civil rights claim.
The complaint alleged that the hiring manager's xenophobia drove the denial of the position.
A historical rule stating a death must occur within a year and a day of an injury to support homicide charges.
Under the old year and a day rule, the delayed death could not support the murder charge.
A banned employment agreement that required workers to promise not to join a union.
Federal law prohibited employers from using a yellow-dog contract to suppress organizing.
A respectful form of address used when speaking to a judge in court.
The attorney began, "Your Honor, the defense calls its first witness."
A young person charged with a crime who is eligible for more lenient, rehabilitative treatment.
The court designated him a youthful offender and sealed the record upon completion.
A policy of imposing strict penalties for any violation of a rule, regardless of circumstances.
The school's zero tolerance policy led to automatic suspension for the fight.
Local laws dividing land into districts to regulate how property may be used.
Residential zoning prevented the owner from opening a repair shop on the lot.
Official permission allowing a property owner to use land in a way normally barred by zoning rules.
She secured a zoning variance to add a second-floor apartment to her home.
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